Penyimpangan Perilaku Tokoh Kitaru dalam Cerpen Iesutadee karya Haruki Murakami:Kajian Psikologi Behavior

IFAH LATIFAH, Drs. Deddy H. Oekon, M.Hum

2020 | Skripsi | S1 SASTRA JEPANG

Penelitian ini menggunakan objek material cerpen Iesutadee, dari kumpulan cerpen Murakami Haruki berjudul Onna no Inai Otoko tachi. Cerpen ini akan dianalisis menggunakan teori struktural khususnya mengenai tema, latar, tokoh, dan penokohan. Melalui teori tersebut, tampak keterkaitan antarunsur yang membentuk kesatuan makna cerita Iesutadee. Selanjutnya dianalisis bentuk-bentuk penyimpangan perilaku tokoh Kitaru menggunakan teori behavior Skinner. Teori behavior Skinner menganggap bahwa faktor-faktor eksternal yang membentuk perilaku individu. Konsekuensi yang timbul dari perilaku mampu membawa perubahan perilaku individu. Untuk memperjelas perilaku menyimpang yang dilakukan Kitaru ditambahkan konsep etika moral sebagai tolak ukur dalam proses menganalisis perilaku menyimpang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Kitaru melakukan perilaku menyimpang di antaranya melalaikan kewajiban belajar, menggunakan dialek Kansai di lingkungan Tokyo, sikap egois dan tidak memiliki rasa empati terhadap kekasih. Perilaku itu memberikan penguatan negatif berupa perasaan tidak menyenangkan bagi Kitaru. Kitaru berusaha menghilangkan penguatan negatif dengan cara meninggalkan tanggung jawabnya sebagai pekerja, teman, dan kekasih. Penguatan negatif juga memicu terjadinya perubahan dalam diri Kitaru. Perilaku menyimpang Kitaru dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal, faktor eksternal, dan faktor motif.

This research uses Iesutadee's short story as a material object, from Haruki Murakami's short story collection entitled Onna no Inai Otoko tachi. In the story, Kitaru tried to pursue his target for being a student at Waseda University. During as ronin, Kitaru conducts various behavior that are considered not in accordance with social rules. This research purpose is to examine the forms of behavior deviations carried out by Kitaru using the theory of psychology behavior of Skinner. Before doing the main analysis, the story will be analyzed using structural theory, specifically theme, setting, figures, and characterizations. Through this theory, it showed interrelations between the elements that form the unity of meaning story Iesutadee. After that continued with analysis related to forms of deviation behavior of Kitaru using Skinner's behavior theory. Skinner's behavior theory assumes that external factors make up individual behavior. The consequences of behavior can bring changes in individual behavior. To clarify the deviant behavior of Kitaru, the authors add the concept of moral ethics as a benchmark for the process of analyzing deviant behavior. The result of research indicates that Kitaru engaged in deviant behaviors, such as neglect of his learning obligation, using the Kansai dialect in Tokyo, being selfish and having no empathy for Erika. Kitaru tries to eliminate negative reinforcement by leaving his responsibilities as part-time worker, friend, and lover. Negative reinforcement also triggers a change in Kitaru. Kitaru's deviant behavior occurs influenced by internal factors, environment factors, and motive factors.

Kata Kunci : Kitaru, Strukturalisme, Perilaku Menyimpang, Penguatan Negatif