Dimensi relasional dalam proses transmisi deliberatif dan pemberdayaan dalam proses perumusan kebijakan

Bartholy Antony Surya Lengo, Prof. Dr. Gabriel Lele, M.Si; Dr. Nurhadi Susanto, M.Hum

2026 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Administrasi Negara

Abstrak

Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh dimensi relasional dalam proses transmisi deliberatif terhadap pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam perumusan kebijakan, dengan mengambil studi kasus pengelolaan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) di Desa Detusoko Barat dan Desa Dile, Kabupaten Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus terjalin (embedded multiple-case study) dan logika Most Similar Systems Design (MSSD), penelitian ini menganalisis tiga fase kebijakan (pendirian BUMDes, respons pandemi melalui Pasar Online, dan restrukturisasi kelembagaan) periode 2017–2024. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, dokumentasi, dan Focus Group Discussion, lalu dianalisis secara retroduktif dalam kerangka critical realism.

Temuan menunjukkan bahwa pemberdayaan tidak ditentukan oleh keberadaan forum partisipatif semata, melainkan oleh konfigurasi mekanisme generatif yang bekerja di balik prosedur formal. Di Detusoko Barat, terjadi evolusi dari pemberdayaan advisory–influential terbatas pada fase pendirian, menuju advisory minimal pada fase krisis pandemi, hingga mencapai pemberdayaan substantif pada fase restrukturisasi melalui pelembagaan deliberasi berjenjang, mediasi kultural oleh tokoh adat, dan responsivitas sistemik yang tertanam. Sebaliknya, Dile tetap stagnan pada level advisory minimal hingga advisory–influential terbatas akibat Ritualisme prosedural dan keterputusan kelembagaan antara negara dan adat.

Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi lima mekanisme generatif yaitu: asimetri responsivitas struktural, institutional decoupling adat-negara, deliberative institutionalization, Deliberasi yang berpusat pada figur, dan Ritualisme prosedural serta mengembangkan konsep argumentative filtering, relational coupling, transformative recursion, dan paradox of effectiveness. Kontribusi teoretisnya memperluas teori sistem deliberatif dengan menekankan arsitektur relasional sebagai prasyarat pemberdayaan substantif. Secara praktis, penelitian merekomendasikan desain musyawarah berjenjang, penguatan mediasi kultural dialogis, dan pelembagaan hasil deliberasi untuk memperkuat tata kelola partisipatif di tingkat lokal.

Abstract

This study examines how relational dimensions in the deliberative transmission process shape community empowerment in policy formulation, drawing on case studies of Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) management in Detusoko Barat and Dile Villages, Ende Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. Using a qualitative approach with an embedded multiple-case study design and Most Similar Systems Design (MSSD) logic, this research analyzes three policy phases (BUMDes establishment, pandemic response through the Online Market, and institutional restructuring) spanning the 2017–2024 period. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, documentation, and Focus Group Discussions, and analyzed retrospectively within a critical realism framework.

The findings show that empowerment is shaped not by the mere presence of participatory forums, but by the configuration of generative mechanisms operating behind formal procedures. In Detusoko Barat, empowerment shifted from limited advisory–influential during the establishment phase, to minimal advisory during the pandemic crisis, and then to substantive empowerment in the restructuring phase through layered deliberation, cultural mediation by customary authorities, and embedded systemic responsiveness. Conversely, Dile remained at the minimal advisory to limited advisory–influential level due to Ritualisme prosedural and institutional decoupling between state and customary governance structures.

This study identifies five generative mechanisms—structural responsiveness asymmetry, state-customary institutional decoupling, deliberative institutionalization, Deliberasi yang berpusat pada figur, and Ritualisme prosedural—and develops the concepts of argumentative filtering, relational coupling, transformative recursion, and the paradox of effectiveness. The theoretical contribution extends deliberative systems theory by making relational architecture a prerequisite for substantive empowerment. Practically, the research recommends layered deliberation, stronger dialogical cultural mediation, and the institutionalization of deliberative outcomes to reinforce participatory governance at the local level.

Kata Kunci : Dimensi relasional, Transmisi deliberatif, Pemberdayaan substantif, Perumusan kebijakan, Realisme kritis