Pagelaran Gandrung Sewu: Silang Hasrat Elit dalam Proses Pembentukan Identitas Kebudayaan di Kabupaten Banyuwangi

Mohammad Isfironi, Prof. Dr. Pujo Semede Hargo Yuwono, MA., Dr. Sri Margana, M.Phil.

2024 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu-ilmu Humaniora

Gandrung Sewu sebagai sebuah seni pertunjukan dikembangkan dari kesenian Gandrung. Pengembangan kesenian Gandrung di Banyuwangi dilakukan melalui dialog diantara elit seperti elit budayawan, seniman, birokrat, dan pemerhati sejarah/intelektual lokal bahkan elit agama. Berbagai hasrat elit serta keterlibatan berbagai stakeholder di Banyuwangi dipahami membentuk citra baru Banyuwangi melalui Banyuwangi Festival sekaligus menghilangkan beban masa lalu yang menjadi stigma masyarakat Banyuwangi.

Penelitian tentang pagelaran Gandrung Sewu: silang hasrat elit alam proses pembentukan identitas kebudayaan di kabupaten Banyuwangi ini secara garis besar menggunakan metode etnografi. Observasi dan wawancara mendalam telah dilakukan terhadap 17 informan dengan melibatkan analisis reflektif kualitatif. Kerangka teori hasrat  Gilless Deleuze dan Pierre-Felik Guattari  digunakan sebagai acuan analisis maupun penulisan.

Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa sejarah, religiusitas, gagasan natural orang Osing serta dukungan pejabat, menjadi faktor pembentuk identitas kebudayaan di Banyuwangi. Secara diakronik sejarah Banyuwangi dibagi menjadi tiga fase, yaitu fase pra kolonial, fase kolonial dan fse pasca kolonial. Pergantian rejim dalam lintasan sejarah tersebut selalu mempengaruhi wacana kebudayaan di Banyuwangi.

Fase-fase sejarah itu menggambarkan bahwa Banyuwangi pada periode Majapahit merupakan bagian dari Jawa lama. Kehadiran kolonial Belanda membentuk cara baru melihat kekuasaan dan kebudayaan mengalami perubahan orientasi karena islamisasi menguat bersamaan dengan pengintegrasian Banyuwangi dalam kekuasaan kolonial Belanda. Di era kemerdekaan merupakan  ajang penanaman ideologi kiri  yang mempengaruhi perkembangan seni-budaya sampai pada aihirnya berubah saat munculnya kekuasaan orde baru.

 Wong Osing yang kreatif dan kaya gagasan serta pandai sekali meramu kreativitas budaya terus berkembang di tengah masyarakat Banyuwangi yang plural secara etnik. Dengan keyakinan dan hasrat yang kuat para seniman terus menjadi tulang punggung tumbuh kembangnya seni-budaya di Banyuwangi. Dengan keunikannya yang menjadi nilai tambah tersendiri, kebudayaan Osing mampu menampung gagasan pliralistik saat dibutuhkan sebuah identitas kebudayaan di tengah formasi etnik baru di Banyuwangi.

Gandrung Sewu is an art performance developed from Gandrung. The art of Gandrung in Banyuwangi is carried out through dialogues among elites such as cultural practitioners, artists, bereaucrats and observers of local history/intellectuals and even religious figures. Various desire  of the elites and the involvement of stakeholder have created new image through Banyuwangi Festival and, at the same time, eliminated the burden of the past which has become as stigma for the people of Banyuwangi.

The research of Gandrung Sewu performace: the cross opinion of elite desires in the process of forming cultural identitiy in Banyuwangi District broadly uses ethnographic methods. In-depth observations and interview were conducted with 17 informants involving qualitative reflective analysis. Gilles Deleuze and Pierre-Felik Guattari's theoritical framework of disere is used as a reference form analysis and writing.

From this research, it was found  that history, religiosity and natural ideal of the Osing people as well as support of government officials were becoming factors in forming cultural identity in Banyuwangi. Diachronically, the history of Banyuwangi is devided int three phases, namely: pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial phases. Regime changes in historical trajectory always influence cultural discourse in Banyuwangi.

These historical phases illustrate that Banyuwangi during the Majapahit era was part of Old Java. The Dutch colonial presence formed a new way of looking at power and culture experienced orientation change because Islamization strengthened along with the integration of Banyuwangi into colonial power. The era of independence was a place for the cultivation of leftist ideology which influenced the development af art and culture until it finally changed when the new order came to power.

Wong Osing, wh is creative and rich in ideas and very good at concocting  cultural creativity, continues to develop in the ethnically pluralistic society of Banyuwangi. With strong belief and passion, artist continue t be the backbone of the growth and development of arts and culture in Banyuwangi. With its uniqueness which is an added value, Osing culture ia able to accomodate pluralistic ideas when a cultural identity is needed in the midst f the formation of new ethnicities in Banyuwangi.     

Kata Kunci : Gandrung Sewu, Hasrat Elit, Wni-Budaya dan Tradisi, Identitas Kebudayaan, Banyuwangi