Representasi Kesadaran Diri Subaltern dalam Novel Njai Isah Karya Sie Lip Lap: Analisis Pascakolonial

DYAN FEBRIANI, Dr. Cahyaningrum Dewojati, S.S., M.Hum.

2020 | Skripsi | S1 BAHASA DAN SASTRA INDONESIA

Penelitian ini membahas kedudukan masyarakat subaltern dan representasi kemampuan sadar diri kelompok subaltern. Kedua pembahasan tersebut saling berkaitan. Objek material yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini adalah novel Njai Isah karya Sie Lip Lap. Karya tersebut merupakan karya sastra Melayu Tionghoa. Kemudian, teori yang diterapkan ialah teori pascakolonial, khususnya teori pascakoloial Gayatri Spivak. Teori pascakolonial Gayatri Spivak diterapkan untuk menguraikan pembagian masyarakat menjadi kelompok dominan dan kelompok subaltern. Selain itu, teori pascakolonial Gayatri Spivak juga diterapkan untuk menguraikan representasi kemampuan sadar diri kelompok subaltern dalam novel Njai Isah. Berdasarkan analisis terhadap novel Njai Isah ditemukan beberapa hasil sebagai berikut. Kedudukan kelompok subaltern pada masa kolonial Belanda ditentukan oleh tiga dasar, yaitu golongan dan ras, gender, serta hubungan keluarga. Berdasarkan golongan dan ras, Eropa menempati posisi tertinggi, sedangkan bumiputra menempati posisi terendah. Berdasarkan gender, perempuan menempati posisinya sebagai kelompok subaltern. Golongan dan ras serta gender saling berkaitan, perempuan dapat menindas laki-laki jika posisi golongannya lebih tinggi. Selain itu, berdasarkan hubungan keluarga ditemukan adanya konsep Konfusianisme, yakni konsep yang menempatkan orang tua di atas kedudukan anak perempuan, sedangkan anak laki-laki menempati posisi di bawah posisi ayah, tetapi berada di atas posisi ibu. Sementara itu, kemampuan sadar diri kelompok subaltern dalam novel ini banyak direpresentasikan oleh kelompok dominan, di antaranya Eropa dan laki-laki. Representasi tersebut menimbulkan dinamika yang menunjukkan kesetaraan kelompok dominan dan subaltern, tetapi juga menempatkan subaltern di bawah superioritas kelompok dominan. Meskipun demikian, dalam novel Njai Isah juga digambarkan kemampuan sadar diri subaltern melalui perlawanan secara langsung. Akan tetapi, kemampuan sadar diri subaltern menunjukkan inkonsisten pengarang tentang kekuatan dan kelemahan subaltern atas superioritas kelompok dominan.

This research discusses the position of subaltern group and the representation of self-awareness skills of the subaltern group. The discussion of both issues is interrelated. The material object was Njai Isah, a Chinese Malay novel written by Sie Lip Lap. It was analyzed using post-colonial theory, especially Gayatri Spivak's. It was employed to describe the division of society into dominant group and subaltern group. In addition, it was also employed to describe the self-awareness skills of the subaltern group in the novel. The results of the analysis on Njai Isah indicated the following findings. The position of subaltern group in the Dutch colonial period was determined based on three factors, namely class and race, gender, and family relations. Based on class and race, European occupied the highest position, while natives occupied the lowest one. Based on gender, women occupied their position in the subaltern group. Class and race as well as gender were interrelated, women could oppress men if the position of their class was higher. In addition, based on family relationships, the research found the concept of Confucianism, a concept that puts parents above daughters, sons below fathers but above mothers. Meanwhile, the self-awareness skills of the subaltern group in this novel were mostly represented by dominant groups, including Europeans and men. Such representation resulted in dynamics that indicated the equality of dominant and subaltern groups, but also places the subaltern under the superiority of dominant group. However, the novel Njai Isah also described self-awareness skills of the subaltern group through direct resistance. However, the self-awareness skills of the subaltern group showed the inconsistency of the author towards strengths and weaknesses of the subaltern over the superiority of the dominant group.

Kata Kunci : Njai Isah, pascakolonial, subaltern, representasi, kemampuan sadar diri