KESEJAHTERAAN DAN STRATEGI PENGHIDUPAN TRANSMIGRAN DI UNIT PERMUKIMAN TRANSMIGRASI DURIAN AMPARAN KABUPATEN BENGKULU UTARA

YANMESLI, Prof. Dr. R. Rijanta, M.Sc.

2015 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Geografi

Transmigrasi adalah program pengembangan komunitas dalam mencapai kesejahteraan transmigran. Ada kasus transmigrasi bermasalah di UPT Durian Amparan, Kecamatan Batiknau, Kabupaten Bengkulu Utara, Provinsi Bengkulu, karena dari 200 Kepala Keluarga (KK), saat ini hanya ada 38 KK transmigran asli, yang menunjukkan bahwa ada masalah kesejahteraan dan penghidupan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengevaluasi program transmigrasi yang dilaksanakan sejak 2004 di UPT Durian Amparan; (2) menganalisis kesejahteraan transmigran dilihat dari aspek fisik, ekonomi, budaya dan sosial; dan (3) menganalisis strategi penghidupan transmigran dalam mencapai kesejahteraan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode studi kasus untuk mengkaji secara mendalam kesejahteraan transmigran dan strategi penghidupan yang berkelanjutan dalam mencapainya di UPT Durian Amparan. Data penelitian adalah data primer yang diperoleh melalui wawancara mendalam dengan informan kunci, observasi, dan survei, serta data sekunder yang diperoleh dari literatur pendukung. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: Pertama, program transmigrasi di UPT Durian Amparan tidak berjalan optimal karena lahan usaha I diserahkan pada tahun kedua dan lahan usaha II tidak diberikan sampai saat ini (2013). Kedua, kesejahteraan transmigran di UPT Durian Amparan selama 2004-2013 (tahun penempatan 2004, 2005, dan 2006) rendah. Mereka tidak betah tinggal di UPT karena medan fisiknya sangat berat serta infrastruktur dan fasilitas publik tidak memadai (fisik). Transmigran sulit membangun basis-basis strategi penghidupan berkelanjutan (ekonomi). Interaksi sosial sulit dibangun akibat jarak rumahnya berjauhan (sosial). Transmigran mengalami keterkejutan budaya akibat fasilitas hidup terbatas dan ada perbedaan budaya antara transmigran lokal, DKI dan Pasuruan (budaya). Ketiga, transmigran yang sukses bertahan memiliki strategi penghidupan berbeda: (1) strategi buruh menyadap hasil karet di UPT lain; (2) strategi ekspansi usahamelanjutkan pekerjaan pengumpulan karet yang dijalani sejak belum menjadi transmigran; (3) strategi aplikasi teknologi tepat guna melakukan usaha pertanian dan pemanfaatan keterampilan jasa dengan teknologi tepat guna; (4) strategi pendayagunaan lahan tidur menyewa lahan pertanian subur yang tidak dikelola untuk memperoleh hasil pertanian non-karet; dan (5) strategi karir pengabdian bidang pendidikan menjadi PNS atau pengajar di UPT. Rendahnya kesejahteraan dan kurangnya strategi penghidupan yang berkelanjutan menyebabkan banyak transmigran meninggalkan UPT. Dari 200 KK, pada 2013 hanya 38 KK mampu bertahan hidup di UPT. Transmigran yang sukses umumnya mampu mencapai kesejahteraan multidimensional dan dinamis (multidimentional and dynamic welfare) dengan indikasi penguasaan lingkungan (fisik), ketahanan ekonomi (ekonomi), adaptasi budaya (budaya), dan integrasi sosial (sosial) serta memiliki strategi penghidupan akumulasi yang berkelanjutan.

Transmigration is a community development program to reach the welfare of transmigrant. There is a problematic case of transmigration in Settlement Unit (SU) Durian Amparan, Batiknau Subdistrict, North Bengkulu Regency, Bengkulu Province, because among 200 Heads of Family (HF), only 38 HF of transmigrant are left, meaning that there have been welfare- and livelihood-related problems. This study aims at (1) evaluating the transmigration program implemented since 2004 in SU Durian Amparan North Bengkulu Regency; (2) analyzing the welfare of transmigrants in view of physical, economic, cultural, and social aspects; and (3) analyzing sustainable livelihood strategies applied in achieving the welfare. The study was conducted by a case study method to examine the welfare of transmigrants and the sustainable livelihood strategies applied to achieve it in SU Durian Amparan. The data used in the study were primary data obtained by indepth interview with key informant, observation, and survey, as well as secondary data obtained from various relevant literatures. Data analysis was carried out by a descriptive qualitative technique. Results of the study indicate that: first, the transmigration program in SU Durian Amparan has not been implemented in an optimal manner because the first cultivating area was handed over at second year and the second one was not handed over at all to date (2013); second, the welfare of transmigrant in SU Durian Amparan during 2004-2013 (placement years of 2004, 2005, 2006) has generally been lower. They could not live like at home in the location because the physical field has been heavy and public infrastructures and facilities have not been adequately available (physical aspect). They were so difficult in building the bases of sustainable livelihood strategies (economic aspect). Social interactions were very difficult to build due to far distance among houses (social aspect). And, they suffered cultural shocks due to both limited facitility for comfort lifestyle and cultural difference amng local, DKI and Pasuruan transmigrants (cultural aspect). Third, transmigrants that have successfully survived in the location have different sustainable livelihood strategies: (1) tapping labor strategy to tap the harvest of rubber trees in other transmigrant settlement units; (2) a business expansion strategy to continue the existing job as rubber collector as previously done since they were not transmigrants; (3) an effective technology application strategy to apply agricultural practices and to utilize skills in service sector with effective technology; (4) idle land utilization strategy to rent fertile agricultural lands that were not cultivated well for non-rubber agricultural harvest; and (5) a dedication career strategy in education sector to be civil servant or teacher in the location. The low level of welfare and lack of sustainable livelihood strategies caused many transmigrants leaving the location. In 2013, only 38 of 200 Heads of Family are left in SU. The transmigrants that can be said as successful are generally able to achieve the multidimentional and dynamic welfare with the following indications: the mastery of physical environment, economic security, cultural adaptation, and social integration as well as sustainable accumulation livelihood strategy.

Kata Kunci : Transmigration, multidimentional and dynamic welfare, sustainable livelihood strategy,Transmigrasi, kesejahteraan multidimensional dan dinamis, strategi penghidupan berkelanjutan