TINDAK TUTUR DIREKTIF DAN CITRA PEREMPUAN DALAM KUMPULAN CERPEN HATESHIP, FRIENDSHIP, COURTSHIP, LOVESHIP, MARRIAGE KARYA ALICE MUNRO

EVI JOVITA PUTRI, Dr. Aris Munandar, M.Hum

2015 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Linguistik

Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang tindak tutur direktif dan citra perempuan dalam kumpulan cerpen Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage karya Alice Munro. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan bentuk dan makna tindak tutur direktif perempuan, menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pilihan bahasa perempuan dalam tindak tutur direktif, dan mengungkapkan citra perempuan dibalik pilihan penggunaan bahasa dalam tindak tutur direktif pada kumpulan cerpen Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage karya Alice Munro. Penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa langkah penelitian yaitu mengumpulkan kalimat-kalimat yang dituturkan tokoh perempuan yang mengekspresikan tindak tutur direktif, kemudian dikelompokkan sesuai keselarasan antara modus kalimat dan fungsi komunikasinya. Bentuk tindak tutur direktif dianalisis berdasarkan struktur kalimat, sedangkan makna tindak tutur direktif dianalisis berdasarkan konteks kalimat. Bentuk dan makna tindak tutur direktif perempuan dibandingkan dengan tindak tutur direktif laki-laki. Selanjutnya, dilakukan analisis komponen tutur terhadap kalimat-kalimat tersebut untuk mencari faktor yang mempengaruhi tindak tutur direktif perempuan. Terakhir, penggunaan bahasa dalam tindak tutur direktif perempuan dianalisis untuk mengidentifikasi citra perempuan. Adapun hasil dari penelitian adalah, pertama, tindak tutur direktif yang digunakan perempuan terbagi dua, yaitu; tindak tutur direktif langsung dengan modus kalimat imperatif, dan tutur direktif tidak lagsung dengan modus kalimat deklaratif dan interogatif. Kalimat deklaratif merupakan modus yang paling banyak digunakan perempuan dalam bertindak tutur direktif. Kedua, tindak tutur direktif perempuan mengandung makna meminta, melarang, menganjurkan, menyuruh, menawarkan, meminta izin, memberi petunjuk, mendesak, mengajak, dan menyindir. Ketiga, penggunaan bahasa dalam tindak tutur direktif perempuan mendapat pengaruh dari beberapa faktor ekstralingual, yaitu (1) Setting berupa ranah pribadi dan publik, (2) Participant berkaitan dengan keakraban, perwatakan, kehadiran O3, dan gender, (3) Ends, (4) Keys berkaitan dengan kadar emosi, dan (5) Norms. Faktor warna emosi dan keakraban merupakan faktor yang paling signifikan mempengaruhi tindak tutur direktif perempuan Inggris di Ontario. Keempat, tindak tutur direktif tokoh-tokoh perempuan menggambarkan bahwa perempuan Ontario di akhir abad ke-20 mencoba membangun citra santun yang terlihat dari kecenderungan penggunaan tindak tutur direktif tidak langsung dan kecenderungan pemberian alasan dalam tindak tutur direktif yang dapat disimpulkan sebagai strategi kesantunan berbahasa perempuan Inggris di Ontario.

This study discusses directive speech act and image of women in Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage stories written by Alice Munro. This descriptive research is conducted within the sociopragmatics framework. The objectives of this study are to describe the types, meanings and factors of directive speech act of women, and to reveal the image of women based on the directive speech act used. The data are sentences expressing directive speech act of female characters in Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage stories. The analysis uses the directive speech act theory. The data were classified based on the structure of the sentences to find out the types of directive speech act, while the context of sentences were used to reveal the meaning of directive speech act. The types and meanings of directive speech act of female characters were compared with types and meanings of directive speech act of male characters. The context of sentences are also used to discover the factors affecting the women to utter the directive speech act. In the last part, linguistics forms of directive speech act of women were analyzed to show the image of women through the use of interpretation. The result of the study indicates that firstly, the type of the directive speech act of the women is divided into the direct and indirect directive speech act. The structure of direct directive speech act is expressed in imperative sentence, while the indirect directive speech acts are expressed in the declarative sentence, which is very commonly used by the women, and interrogative sentence. Secondly, the directive speech act uttered by women intends several meanings: requesting, prohibition, ordering, suggestion, permission, instruction, invitation, asking, urging, and satire. Thirdly, there are at least five external factors sequently influencing the choice of linguistic form of directive speech act of women, (1) setting related to private and public area, (2) participants related to gender, relationship, character, and O3, (3) ends, (4) key related to degree of emotion, and (5) norms. Key and relationship are the most significant factors affecting directive speech act of women. Fourthly, linguistics forms of directive speech act of female characters shows that women in Ontario in the end of 20th century try to establish a polite image by highest tendency to utter indirect directive speech act in extensive communication and by giving supporting statement in their directive speech acts which are concluded as the politeness of women in Ontario in the end of 20th century in directive speech act used.

Kata Kunci : Tindak tutur direktif, Sosiopragmatik, Citra perempuan