Dampak Kebijakan Foreign Supplier Verification Program (FSVP) Terhadap Daya Saing Vanili Indonesia di Pasar Amerika Serikat

Felicia Salsabila, Gilang Wirakusuma, S.P., M.Sc; Arif Wahyu Widada, S.P., M.Sc.

2026 | Skripsi | SOS.EK. PERTANIAN (AGROBISNIS)

Vanili merupakan salah satu komoditas rempah-rempahan Indonesia dengan nilai ekonomi tinggi yang memiliki potensi ekspor di pasar Amerika Serikat, namun mengalami tantangan dalam mempertahankan daya saing mulai dari kualitas yang tidak konsisten, fluktuasi ekspor, persaingan ketat dengan negara eksportir utamanya, Madagaskar, hingga kebijakan impor di negara tujuan. Pada tahun 2016, Amerika Serikat menerapkan kebijakan Foreign Supplier Verification Program (FSVP) melalui Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) yang mewajibkan verifikasi keamanan pangan pemasok asing sebelum produk masuk ke Amerika Serikat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat daya saing komparatif dan kompetitif vanili Indonesia sebelum dan sesudah kebijakan FSVP diberlakukan, serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi daya saing di pasar Amerika Serikat. Data yang digunakan berupa data sekunder selama 35 tahun dari tahun 1990-2024 yang diperoleh dari berbagai sumber resmi seperti WITS, FAO, dan World Bank. Analisis daya saing komparatif dilakukan menggunakan metode Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) dan Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA). Analisis daya saing kompetitif dilakukan menggunakan Export Product Dynamic (EPD). Sementara itu, faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi daya saing dianalisis menggunakan regresi linier berganda dengan metode Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) vanili Indonesia memiliki daya saing komparatif dengan nilai RCA>1 dan RSCA>0, meskipun mengalami tren penurunan tajam yang kemudian melambat setelah FSVP diberlakukan, (2) Sebelum kebijakan FSVP daya saing kompetitif vanili Indonesia berada di posisi retreat dan kemudian bergeser ke posisi falling star setelah FSVP diberlakukan, (3) volume ekspor vanili Indonesia, rasio harga vanili Indonesia terhadap Madagaskar, dan kebijakan FSVP berpengaruh positif, sedangkan GDP per kapita Amerika Serikat berpengaruh negatif terhadap daya saing vanili Indonesia di pasar Amerika Serikat.

Vanilla is one of Indonesia's high-value spice commodities with significant export potential in the United States market; however, it faces challenges in maintaining competitiveness, ranging from inconsistent product quality, export fluctuations, and intense competition with its primary exporting rival, Madagascar, to import policies in the destination country. In 2016, the United States implemented the Foreign Supplier Verification Program (FSVP) under the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), which requires verification of the food safety of foreign suppliers before products enter the United States. This study aims to analyze the comparative and competitive competitiveness of Indonesian vanilla before and after the implementation of the FSVP policy, as well as to identify the factors influencing its competitiveness in the United States market. The data used consist of 35 years of secondary data from 1990 to 2024 obtained from various official sources including WITS, FAO, and the World Bank. Comparative competitiveness analysis was conducted using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) methods. Competitive competitiveness analysis was conducted using the Export Product Dynamics (EPD) method. Meanwhile, the factors influencing competitiveness were analyzed using multiple linear regression with the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. The results of this study indicate that (1) Indonesian vanilla possesses comparative competitiveness with RCA > 1 and RSCA > 0 throughout the observation period, although it experienced a sharp declining trend that subsequently slowed following the implementation of FSVP, (2) prior to the FSVP policy, the competitive competitiveness of Indonesian vanilla in the United States market was positioned in the retreat category, which then shifted to the falling star position after FSVP was implemented, (3) Indonesian vanilla export volume, the price ratio of Indonesian to Malagasy vanilla, and the FSVP policy positively affect the competitiveness of Indonesian vanilla, while the GDP per capita of the United States negatively affects the competitiveness of Indonesian vanilla in the United States market.

Kata Kunci : Vanili, Daya Saing, FSVP, RCA, EPD, OLS, Amerika Serikat