Tipologi Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus di Indonesia Berdasarkan Efek yang Dihasilkan
Arya Mukti Kusuma Dewa, Dr.Geog. Dodi Widiyanto, S.Si., MRegDev.
2026 | Skripsi | PEMBANGUNAN WILAYAH
Special Economic Zones (SEZs) have been established and orchestrated by the Indonesian government to attract investment and promote equitable regional development. Prevailing theories in economic geography have long posited that SEZs engender spillover effects, commencing from the host regency/municipality and subsequently extending to contiguous areas. This study endeavors to scrutinize this assumption by disentangling the impacts of SEZs from the inherent fundamental attributes of a region, employing investment data from 514 regencies/municipalities across Indonesia in 2023, alongside analytical approaches encompassing Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) and spatial econometrics via the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM).
The spatial economic structure of Indonesia, particularly concerning investment hotspots from 2015 to 2023, underwent notable transformations. The environs of Jakarta and Surabaya consistently served as the core/central hubs within Indonesia. Furthermore, shifts were observed in regions such as Lombok and North Maluku, ostensibly linked to the establishment and operation of SEZs during this period, albeit subsequent in-depth analysis utilizing SDM fails to corroborate these observations.
The research findings reveal that 16 out of 17 SEZs, including those situated on Java Island, demonstrably failed to augment investment in surrounding regencies/municipalities. These SEZs merely functioned as isolated enclaves or white elephants. Investment inflows into Indonesian regencies/municipalities were predominantly governed by foundational economic variables such as Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), infrastructure, and education levels. In contrast, the Sorong SEZ emerged as the sole catalytic exemplar, successfully spurring investment surges in its neighboring jurisdictions.
The study ascertains that SEZs may exert influence on distant regions without impacting proximate ones, and that a protracted operational tenure does not invariably ensure amplified effects. In conclusion, it is recommended that the government cease deploying SEZs in established economic cores and pivot toward designing industrial SEZs in peripheral regions, complemented by supportive infrastructure development policies, to attain substantive developmental equity.
Kata Kunci : Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus (KEK); Spatial Durbin Model; Penanaman Modal; Spatial Multiplier Effect; Cumulative-Causation