Analisis Kebijakan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Ekstrim Daerah Sub Urban di Kabupaten Kampar

Yusdiyen Hadinata, Dr. Agus Joko Pitoyo, MA; Dr. Hakimul Ikwan, MA; Dr. Dewi Haryani Susilastuti, M.Sc

2026 | Disertasi | S3 STUDI KEBIJAKAN

Kemiskinan ekstrem banyak ditemukan di kawasan suburban ibukota Kabupaten Kampar. Provinsi Riau. Penelitian ini  bertujuan untuk menganalisis: 1) Karakteristik Rumah Tangga Miskin Ekstrem di kawasan sub urban, 2) Penyebab kemiskinan ekstrem terkonsentrasi  di kawasan sub urban, 3) Inovasi kebijakan dalam penanggulangan kemiskinan ekstrem di kawasan suburban Ibukota Kabupaten Kampar. Penelitian menggunakan mixed method. Data dikumpulkan melalui survei, focus group discussion, wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Data hasil survei diolah menggunakan uji statistik SEM PLS (Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Square). Data hasil wawancara, FGD, observasi dan dokumentasi diolah secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: Pertama,  karakteristik rumah tangga miskin ekstrem ditandai dengan kondisi: 1) demografis rumah tangga dengan jumlah anggota lansia ataupun disabilitas; 2) sosial ekonomi dengan pendidikan rendah dan pekerjaan sebagai petani, 3) tidak adanya atau sedikitnya aset lahan pertanian atau perkebunan, tabungan, dan akses mendapatkan hutang, pinjaman digunakan untuk membiayai kebutuhan dasar, 4) mayoritas memiliki akses layanan dasar, 5) ikut dalam kegiatan kemasyarakatan, 6) pengeluaran perkapita  Rp 584.538. Kedua, kemiskinan ekstrem di kawasan suburban disebabkan oleh faktor alam, faktor kultural (rendahnya pendidikan dan pengetahuan, skills rendah, mentalitas miskin dan mindset masyarakat), dan faktor struktural (kebijakan alokasi sumberdaya, keterlibatan sosial, serta rendahnya daya tawar petani dan komoditi yang dihasilkan petani), serta atribut yang melekat dalam rumah tangga miskin ekstrim. Hasil uji SEM memperlihatkan bahwa faktor hutang, faktor pekerjaan, dan faktor pengeluaran memberikan efek yang lemah terhadap kemiskinan ekstrem masing-masing 0,044; 0,023; dan 0,030 berada dalam batas kritis dalam arti hampir tidak memiliki pengaruh. Artinya, ada faktor lain yang menjadi penyebab terjadinya kemiskinan ekstrem. Hasil analisis kualitatif menunjukkan faktor lain penyebab kemiskinan adalah ketergantungan kegiatan ekonomi masyarakat terhadap hasil komoditi karet dan sawit. Kondisi kemiskinan ekstrim sangat dipengaruhi oleh fluktuasi harga karet dan sawit. Ketiga, inovasi implementasi kebijakan penanggulangan kemiskinan dilakukan dalam rangka mengatasi kendala penanggulangan kemiskinan seperti kesalahan menentukan indikator kemiskinan ekstrem, keterbatasan sumber daya, ego sektoral, dan  hambatan di lapangan. Sejumlah inovasi yang muncul yakni PULUT KETAN (Perlindungan Pekerja Rentan), program PESIAR (Petakan, Sisir, Advokasi, dan Registrasi), Program Penanganan Kerawanan Pangan OCU MAPAN, dan Pembangunan jalan usaha tani (JUT), dan Perluasan lahan sawah serta pembuatan bibit padi unggul belum dapat melepaskan penduduk miskin ekstirm dari jebakan kemiskinan.

Extreme poverty is prevalent in the suburban areas of the capital of Kampar Regency, Riau Province. This study aims to analyse: 1) the characteristics of extremely poor households in suburban areas; 2) the causes of the concentration of extreme poverty in suburban areas; and 3) policy innovations in tackling extreme poverty in the suburban areas of the capital of Kampar Regency. The study employed a mixed-methods approach. Data were collected through surveys, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation. Survey data were analysed using SEM-PLS (Structural Equation Modelling with Partial Least Squares). Data from interviews, FGDs, observations and documentation were analysed using qualitative descriptive methods. The research findings indicate: Firstly, the characteristics of extremely poor households are marked by the following conditions: 1) household demographics including elderly or disabled members; 2) socio-economic factors, including low levels of education and employment as farmers; 3) the absence or scarcity of agricultural or plantation land assets, savings, and access to debt or loans, with borrowing used to finance basic needs; 4) the majority having access to basic services; 5) participation in community activities; 6) per capita expenditure of Rp 584,538. Secondly, extreme poverty in suburban areas is caused by natural factors, cultural factors (low levels of education and knowledge, poor skills, a ‘poverty mentality’ and the prevailing mindset of the community), and structural factors (resource allocation policies, social engagement, and the low bargaining power of farmers and the commodities they produce), as well as attributes inherent to extremely poor households. The SEM test results show that debt, employment and expenditure have a weak effect on extreme poverty, with coefficients of 0.044, 0.023 and 0.030 respectively, which are within the critical threshold—meaning they have almost no influence. This implies that other factors are responsible for extreme poverty. The results of the qualitative analysis indicate that another factor causing poverty is the community’s economic dependence on rubber and palm oil commodities. Conditions of extreme poverty are heavily influenced by fluctuations in rubber and palm oil prices. Thirdly, policy innovations to tackle poverty were implemented to address obstacles in poverty alleviation, such as errors in determining indicators of extreme poverty, resource constraints, sectoral self-interest, and on-the-ground barriers. A number of innovations have emerged, namely PULUT KETAN (Protection of Vulnerable Workers), the PESIAR programme (Mapping, Screening, Advocacy, and Registration), the OCU MAPAN Food Insecurity Management Programme, the construction of farm access roads (JUT), and the expansion of rice fields as well as the creation of seedbeds.

Kata Kunci : Faktor Penyebab, Kemiskinan Ekstrem Suburban, Inovasi Kebijakan