Masyarakat Kota Surabaya, 1930an-1960an: Interaksi Sosial-Politik dalam Ruang Birokrasi dan Publik

Gayung Kasuma, Dr. Sri Margara, M.Phil.

2025 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu-ilmu Humaniora

Disertasi ini bertujuan menjelaskan interaksi sosial-politik dalam ruang birokrasi dan publik pada masyarakat Kota Surabaya tahun 1930-an-1960-an. Dengan tujuan itu, maka dapat dihasilkan konstruksi relasi sosial-politik di ruang birokrasi dan ruang publik, munculnya sifat-sifat impulsif (yang salah satunya ditunjukkan dengan sifat serba "terburu-buru") dan dampak sifat tersebut berpengaruh selama pergantian rezim dari kolonial Belanda, Jepang, revolusi kemerdekaan, dan masa awal republik (normal baru). Dua dimensi ruang birokrasi dan ruang publik memiliki ciri-ciri tersendiri, karena terjadi pada pergantian rezim yang berkuasa.

Sumber-sumber yang digunakan dalam penulisan disertasi antara lain dari Arsip Kota Surabaya, Arsip Kementerian Pertahanan, Arsip NEFIS, Arsip Kepolisian Negara, Arsip Dinas Perpustakaan dan Kearsipan Jawa Timur, surat kabar, buku-buku, jurnal, artikel, dan sumber lisan (wawancara) dengan masyarakat yang memiliki memori tentang Kota Surabaya.

Kesimpulan disertasi ini adalah pada masa kolonial Belanda birokrasi kolonial bersifat hierarkis (patron-klien) sementara ruang publik mengalami segregasi. Pada periode Jepang ruang birokrasi dijadikan alat mobilisasi dengan merangkul elite pribumi lokal, sementara ruang publik sebagai alat arena interaksi sosial (propaganda, negosiasi). Pada masa kemerdekaan ruang birokrasi menjadi arena perjuangan (integrasi, negosiasi, nasionalisme) dalam ruang publik dijadikan arena interaksi sosial (integritas dan solidaritas). Ketika masa normal baru setelah Indonesia berdaulat penuh ruang birokrasi penuh keraguan sikap (bayang-bayang dualisme, antara nasionalis dan pro-Belanda). Sementara untuk ruang publik sebagai perwujudan arena ekspresi manusia bebas. Interaksi sosial-politik yang bersifat impulsif disebabkan oleh reaksi terhadap tekanan (superioritas), negosiasi, dan kompromi politik, integrasi dan semangat revolusi kemerdekaan, serta ekspresi spontanitas (budaya, politik, dan karakter lokal).

The dissertation aims to explain socio-political interactions within the bureaucratic and public spaces of Surabaya urban society during the period from the 1930s until 1960s. Therefore, it can result in the construction of socio-political relations in the bureaucratic and public spaces, the emergence of impulsive traits (one of which in indicated by the "rushing" nature) and the impact of these traits during the change of regimes from the Dutch colonial period, Japan, the national revolution, and the early republican period (new normal). The two dimensions of bureaucratic space and public space have their own characteristics, since they occur simultaneously with the regime changes.

Some of the sources used in this dissertation including the Surabaya City Archives, the Ministry of Defense Archives, the NEFIS Archives, the National Police Archives, the East Java Library and Archives Service Archives, newspapers, books, journals, articles, and oral sources (interviews) with the people who have memories of the City of Surabaya.

This study concludes that during the Dutch colonial period, the colonial bureaucracy was hierarchical (patron-client), while the public sphere experienced segregation. During the Japanese period, the bureaucracy became a tool for mobilization by embracing local indigenous elites, while the public sphere served as an arena for social interaction (propaganda and negotiation). At the early independence era, the bureaucracy became an arena struggle (integrity, negotiation, and nationalism), while the public sphere became an arena for social interaction (integrity and solidarity). During the new normal period, after Indonesia gained full sovereignty, the bureaucracy was filled with doubt and overshadowed by dualism between nationalist and pro-Dutch supporters. Meanwhile, public space embodies an arena for free human expression. Impulsive social-political interactions are caused by reactions to pressure (superiority), political negotiation and compromise, the integrity and spirit of the independence revolution, and spontaneous expressions (of culture, politics, and local character).

Kata Kunci : Masyarakat Kota Surabaya, Interaksi Sosial Politik, Ruang Birokrasi dan Ruang Publik