Evaluasi Implementasi Graduasi Program Keluarga Harapan di Kota Yogyakarta Tahun 2020-2025

Desti Eva Anggraeni, Nurhadi, S.Sos.,M. Si., Ph.D

2025 | Tesis | S2 Administrasi Publik

Graduasi pada penerima bantuan PKH merupakan salah satu cara untuk memastikan peningkatan kemandirian dan kesejahteraan keluarga miskin. Berbagai program dukungan telah dihadirkan untuk mempercepat tercapainya tujuan, diantaranya KUBE (Kelompok Usaha Bersama), PENA (Pahlawan Ekonomi Nusantara) dan PPSE (Program Pemberdayaan Sosial Ekonomi). Penelitian ini mengevaluasi pelaksanaan program dukungan graduasi dan mengidentifikasi penyebab kesenjangan capaian program dengan kerangka evaluasi logic model. Teori implementasi Van meter dan Van Horn, serta kriteria evaluasi DAC menjadi dasar dalam penyusunan logic model. Metode penelitian kualitatif digunakan melalui observasi, telaah dokumen dan wawancara mendalam dengan 18 orang informan yang meliputi pelaksana program yaitu pemerintah melalui Dinas Sosial dan pendamping serta penerima manfaat program. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan graduasi di Kota Yogyakarta masih menghadapi sejumlah kendala, terutama terkait kejelasan tujuan, keterbatasan sumber daya, dan lemahnya koordinasi antar pelaksana. Pergeseran fokus dari bantuan berbasis kelompok ke individu belum diikuti oleh sistem pendampingan yang efektif. Keberhasilan program masih didominasi oleh capaian administratif, sementara aspek pemberdayaan substantif belum kuat. Kondisi ini mengindikasikan adanya pemberdayaan semu (pseudo empowerment) sehingga penerima manfaat tampak berdaya secara formal, namun belum mandiri secara ekonomi dan sosial. Secara keseluruhan, graduasi telah menggeser paradigma bantuan menuju pemberdayaan, tetapi belum menciptakan transformasi sosial yang berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penelitian jangka panjang program PKH, pengkajian mendalam peran kualitas dan diskresi pendamping PKH terhadap keberlanjutan kemandirian KPM, serta peran digitalisasi dan integrasi data dalam penetapan graduasi.

Graduation among beneficiaries of the Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) represents one of the key strategies to promote self-reliance and improve the well-being of poor households. Several supporting programs have been introduced to accelerate the achievement of this goal, including Kelompok Usaha Bersama (KUBE), Pahlawan Ekonomi Nusantara (PENA), and the Program Pemberdayaan Sosial Ekonomi (PPSE). This study evaluates the implementation of the graduation support program and identifies the causes of the program’s achievement gap using a logic model evaluation framework, drawing on Van Meter and Van Horn’s implementation theory as well as the concepts of effectiveness and sustainability. Qualitative research methods were employed through observation, document review, and in-depth interviews with 18 informants, including program implementers, namely government officials from the Social Services Agency and program facilitators as well as program beneficiaries. The findings indicate that the implementation of the graduation program in Yogyakarta City continues to face several challenges, particularly unclear objectives, limited resources, and weak coordination among implementers. The shift in focus from group-based assistance to individual-based support has not been accompanied by an effective mentoring system. Program success remains largely dominated by administrative achievements, while substantive empowerment outcomes are still limited. This condition reflects the presence of pseudo-empowerment, in which beneficiaries appear formally empowered but have not yet achieved economic and social independence. Overall, while the graduation approach represents a paradigm shift from assistance to empowerment, it has not yet resulted in sustainable social transformation. This study recommends further long-term research on the PKH program, in-depth assessments of the quality and discretion of PKH facilitators in sustaining beneficiary independence, and an examination of the role of digitalization and data integration in determining graduation outcomes.

Kata Kunci : Graduasi PKH, Pseudo-empowerment, evaluasi implemntasi