Akses Penerbitan Kartu Tanda Penduduk (KTP) Pada Waria Di Wilayah Dearah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY)

Dwi Lestari, Prof. Drs. Muhadjir Muhammad Darwin, MPA., Ph.D.

2025 | Tesis | S2 Kependudukan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis situasi hak sipil kewarganegaraan kelompok marjinal waria di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) dalam mengakses dan memperoleh Kartu Tanda Penduduk (KTP). Data nasional tahun 2013 menunjukkan terdapat sekitar 3 juta waria di Indonesia, di mana hanya 1,2 juta yang memiliki KTP, sedangkan sisanya belum terdokumentasi secara resmi. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif Grounded Theory dengan purposive sampling. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara mendalam dengan tujuh informan, terdiri dari waria, pemerintah, aktivis kesehatan seksual dan reproduksi, serta lembaga bantuan hukum.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan waria menghadapi berbagai hambatan struktural dan sosial dalam memperoleh KTP, termasuk diskriminasi administratif, prasangka sosial, penolakan keluarga, dan birokrasi yang kaku. Tidak memiliki KTP mengakibatkan waria terhambat mengakses layanan publik seperti kesehatan, pendidikan, pekerjaan, dan jaminan sosial. Selain itu, penelitian menemukan modal sosial di keluarga (bonding) gagal berfungsi, tetapi modal sosial komunitas (bonding internal) berhasil membangun dukungan melalui solidaritas dan jaringan sesama waria. Modal sosial linking dengan lembaga formal juga mulai terbentuk, meski modal sosial bridging ke masyarakat luas masih terbatas.

Selama pandemi COVID-19, advokasi kepemilikan KTP mengalami percepatan melalui kolaborasi komunitas, aktivis, dan lembaga pendukung. Meski terdapat kemajuan, kesadaran sebagian waria terhadap pentingnya dokumen kependudukan masih rendah. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan perlunya pendidikan publik inklusif mengenai hak administrasi kependudukan, pelatihan bagi aparat pelayanan publik, penyederhanaan prosedur administratif, serta penguatan kapasitas komunitas waria agar mandiri dalam advokasi hak sipil.

Kata kunci: waria, KTP, hak sipil, diskriminasi, administrasi kependudukan, modal sosial

This study aims to analyze the civil rights situation of the marginalized transgender women (waria) community in Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY) in accessing and obtaining an Identity Card (KTP). National data in 2013 recorded approximately 3 million waria in Indonesia, with only 1.2 million holding a KTP, while the rest remain undocumented. This research employed a qualitative Grounded Theory approach with purposive sampling. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with seven informants, consisting of waria, government officials, sexual and reproductive health activists, and legal aid institutions.

The findings reveal that waria face various structural and social barriers in obtaining KTP, including administrative discrimination, social prejudice, family rejection, and rigid bureaucratic procedures. The lack of a KTP hinders waria from accessing public services such as healthcare, education, employment, and social security. Furthermore, the study shows that bonding social capital within the family fails to function, while bonding capital within the waria community successfully fosters mutual support and solidarity. Linking social capital with formal institutions has begun to develop, although bridging social capital with the wider society remains limited.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, advocacy for KTP ownership accelerated through collaboration among community groups, activists, and supporting institutions. Despite these advancements, awareness among some waria regarding the importance of civil registration documents remains low. This study recommends inclusive public education on the right to civil registration, training for public service officers, simplification of administrative procedures, and strengthening the organizational capacity of waria communities to independently advocate for their civil rights.

Keywords: waria, identity card, civil rights, discrimination, civil registration, social capita.

 

Kata Kunci : waria, KTP, hak sipil, diskriminasi, administrasi kependudukan, modal sosial