Pencegahan Terorisme di Surakarta: Kolaborasi, Strategi, dan Implementasi Kebijakan RAN PE

Muhammad Taufik Ismail, Dody Wibowo, M.A., Ph.D. ; Dr. Titik Firawati, M.A.

2025 | Tesis | S2 Ketahanan Nasional

Surakarta sering dilabeli dengan stigma radikal, ekstremis, hingga kota teroris. Stigma ini muncul dari seringnya keterlibatan jaringan Surakarta dalam aksi terorisme. Namun, setelah Perpres Nomor 7 Tahun 2021 tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Ekstremisme Berbasis Kekerasan yang Mengarah pada Terorisme 2020-2024 (RAN PE) diimplementasikan di Surakarta, Kota ini menjadi semakin toleran ditunjukkan dengan ruang publik yang semakin inklusif-toleran. Kecenderungan ini diperkuat dengan diraihnya RAN PE awards dua kali berturut-turut (2023 dan 2024). Implementasi RAN PE di Surakarta salah satunya diwujudkan dengan membentuk Tim Terpadu (Timdu) sebagai wadah kolaborasi antara Organisasi Masyarakat Sipil (OMS) dan Organisasi Pemerintahan Daerah (OPD). Tesis bertujuan menjawab pertanyaan penelitian: (1) Bagaimana dinamika kolaborasi dan interaksi antara OMS dan Pemkot Surakarta memengaruhi implementasi RAN PE? (2) Apa saja strategi atau kebijakan OMS dan Pemkot Surakarta dalam rangka pencegahan terorisme? Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan, dengan metode kualitatif deskriptif, pengumpulan data menggunakan snowball, dengan jumlah informan: lima OPD, dengan tujuh informan, serta selapan OMS dengan tiga belas informan, total dua puluh informan. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan proses implementasi RAN PE di Surakarta melalui proses advokasi kebijakan yang tidak terlepas dari dinamika politik lokal. Proses ini mencapai momen penting ketika terbentuk Timdu sebagai wadah kolaborasi OMS-OPD. Kolaborasi di Timdu bersifat fleksibel, dan ditopang oleh semangat sukarela, ini sebuah dinamika yang jarang ditemukan di daerah lain yang juga mengimplementasikan RAN PE. Interaksi yang terbangun di dalam Timdu berperan sebagai katalisator dan dinamisator kerja-kerja pencegahan terorisme. Selain itu, Timdu juga berfungsi sebagai inisiator sekaligus koordinator dalam pelaksanaan program pencegahan terorisme di Surakarta. Dalam hal strategi, mayoritas kegiatan Timdu berada dalam ranah pencegahan primer, yang diwujudkan melalui sosialisasi dan penguatan narasi alternatif terhadap ideologi kekerasan. Strategi itu jika dikelompokkan menurut teori Horgan tentang disengagement dan deradicalization, di mana mayoritas masuk pada program deradicalization. Pendekatan deradicalization penting untuk untuk melawan narasi ekstrem, namun pendekatan disengagement perlu ditingkatkan untuk menyelesaikan akar masalah terorisme di Surakarta.

Surakarta is often labeled with the stigma of being radical, extremist, and even a terrorist city. This stigma arises from the frequent involvement of Surakarta networks in acts of terrorism. However, after Presidential Decree Number 7 of 2021 concerning the National Action Plan for the Prevention and Countermeasures of Violent Extremism Leading to Terrorism 2020-2024 (RAN PE) was implemented in Surakarta, the city has become increasingly tolerant, as indicated by increasingly inclusive and tolerant public spaces. This trend is reinforced by the achievement of RAN PE awards two consecutive times (2023 and 2024). One of the implementations of RAN PE in Surakarta is the formation of an Integrated Team (Timdu) as a collaborative forum between Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and Regional Government Organizations (OPDs). The thesis aims to answer the following research questions: (1) How do the dynamics of collaboration and interaction between CSOs and the Surakarta City Government influence the implementation of RAN PE? (2) What are the strategies or policies of CSOs and the Surakarta City Government in the context of preventing terrorism? This research is a field study, using descriptive qualitative methods, data collection using snowball, with the number of informants: five OPDs, with seven informants, and eight CSOs with thirteen informants, a total of twenty informants. The findings of this study indicate that the process of implementing the National Action Plan for the Elimination of Violence (RAN PE) in Surakarta is through a policy advocacy process that is inseparable from local political dynamics. This process reached a crucial moment when the Timdu (Community Action Team) was formed as a forum for CSO-OPD collaboration. Collaboration in the Timdu is flexible and supported by a spirit of volunteerism, a dynamic rarely found in other regions that also implement the RAN PE. The interactions built within the Timdu act as a catalyst and dynamic force for terrorism prevention work. In addition, the Timdu also functions as an initiator and coordinator in the implementation of terrorism prevention programs in Surakarta. In terms of strategy, the majority of Timdu activities are in the realm of primary prevention, which is realized through the socialization and strengthening of alternative narratives to violent ideologies. These strategies are grouped according to Horgan's theory of disengagement and deradicalization, with the majority included in the deradicalization program. While a deradicalization approach is important for countering extremist narratives, a disengagement approach needs to be enhanced to address the root causes of terrorism in Surakarta.

Kata Kunci : Kolaborasi, Strategi, Kebijakan, RAN PE, Terorisme