Identitas M[e-acute]tis dan Abjeksi dalam Novel Petit pays karya Ga[e-diaeresis]l Faye

Niken Az-zahra Febriana, Prof. Dr. Wening Udasmoro, S.S., M.Hum., DEA.

2023 | Skripsi | SASTRA PERANCIS

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengenali bentuk-bentuk, latar belakang, dan implikasi dari abjeksi yang muncul berkaitan dengan identitas m[e-acute]tis dengan etnisitas Tutsi di Rwanda dan Burundi. Objek penelitian berupa data yang diambil dari novel Petit pays (2018 [2016]) karya Ga[e-diaeresis]l Faye dianalisis menggunakan konsep teori identitas sosial menurut Jan E. Stets dan Peter J. Burke (2000), konsep m[e-acute]tissage menurut Sylv[e-diaeresis]re Mbondobari (2018), dan konsep abjeksi menurut Julia Kristeva (1982). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dari perspektif perbedaan kelompok ras dan etnis, didapati bahwa individu m[e-acute]tis Tutsi–Eropa mengalami abjeksi dari sisi masyarakat Eropa, masyarakat Afrika, dan masyarakat etnis Hutu. Dari sisi masyarakat Eropa, individu m[e-acute]tis dijejali dengan narasi berkesenjangan dan julukan dehumanis, serta mengalami pengasingan dan pembungkaman. Dari sisi masyarakat Afrika, individu m[e-acute]tis menerima julukan, olok-olok, eksklusi budaya, dan pengusiran. Dari sisi kelompok etnis Hutu, individu m[e-acute]tis keturunan Tutsi menyaksikan langsung kekerasan fisik dan verbal, pelecehan seksual, julukan dehumanis, serta pembantaian terhadap keluarganya. Terlahir dari berbagai sisi budaya yang bersilangan, m[e-acute]tis merasakan dampak abjeksi kaum Eropa yang berusaha menunda dan mencegah kemunculan keturunan Afrika sebagai subjek baru; abjeksi bangsa Afrika yang berusaha meraih kebebasan dan soliditasnya dari kolonialisasi Eropa; dan abjeksi kelompok etnis Hutu yang berusaha meraih kekuasaan tunggalnya tanpa ruang bagi kelompok Tutsi. Abjeksi-abjeksi tersebut dapat berimplikasi pada munculnya abjeksi balik, rasa tidak memiliki m[e-acute]tis dalam komunitas budayanya, kelumpuhan identitas m[e-acute]tis, atau justru desakan untuk lebih mempertahankan diri.

This research aims to recognise forms, contexts, and implications of abjections that emerge in relation to m[e-acute]tis identity within the Tutsi ethnic group in Rwanda and in Burundi. This observation collects its data object from Ga[e-diaeresis]l Faye’s novel Petit pays (2018 [2016]). The data would be analysed using the theory of social identity according to Jan E. Stets and Peter J. Burke (2000), the concept of m[e-acute]tissage according to Sylv[e-grave]re Mbondobari (2018), and the concept of abjection by Julia Kristeva (1982). It comes in conclusion that based on the perspective of race and ethnic differences, a Tutsi–European m[e-acute]tis suffers abjection from their European community, their African community and the community of Hutu. From the European community, they are subjected to narrations of disparities, dehumanising terms, exclusion and suppression of speech. From the African community, they are subjected to social labelling/terms, reproaches, cultural exclusion, and expulsion. From the Hutu community, they witness their family members being subject to physical and verbal violence, sexual harassment, dehumanising terms, and assassination. Being born into intersecting cultural sides, a m[e-acute]tis is affected by the abjection aimed by an European group to delay and to prevent the becoming of Africans into subject; the abjection aimed by Africans to vindicate their independence and solidity from European colonisation; and the abjection of Hutu community to gain an absolute power unshared with any Tutsi. These abjections imply abjection in return, m[e-acute]tis’ no sense of belonging within its cultural community, identity impairment in m[e-acute]tis, or instead a more insisting urge for self-defence.

Kata Kunci : identitas sosial, etnisitas, métissage, abjeksi, Afroeropa