Evaluasi Program KBH2 dan KBLBB Pada Kebijakan Kendaraan Bermotor Roda Empat Emisi Karbon Rendah dalam Pengembangan Investasi Industri Otomotif (Studi Kasus DKI Jakarta)

Deddy Sahputra Hutapea, Dr. Riza Noer Arfani, M.A.

2023 | Tesis | S2 Administrasi Publik

Penelitian ini mengevaluasi program Kendaraan Bermotor Roda Empat Hemat Energi dan Harga Terjangkau (KBH2) dan Kendaraan Bermotor Listrik Berbasis Baterai (KBLBB) pada kerangka kebijakan kendaraan bermotor roda empat emisi karbon rendah (Low Carbon Emission Vehicle/LCEV) dalam pengembangan industri otomotif di Indonesia dengan studi kasus di DKI Jakarta. Kebijakan ini merupakan insentif yang diberlakukan untuk mendorong penggunaan kendaraan ramah lingkungan. Penerapan kebijakan ini tidak dapat dilepaskan dari investasi para pelaku industri otomotif dalam memproduksi dan memasarkan kendaraan LCEV.

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Data yang diolah pada penelitian ini menggunakan data primer yang diperoleh dari hasil wawancara dengan para informan yang berkontribusi dalam pengembangan kebijakan LCEV, antara lain Direktorat Jenderal Industri Logam, Mesin, Alat Transportasi, dan Elektronika Kementerian Perindustrian, Dinas Lingkungan Hidup DKI Jakarta, Gaikindo, konsumen LCEV, dan masyarakat DKI Jakarta.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan insentif KBH2 yang dijalankan sejak 2013 telah mendorong industri otomotif dalam negeri untuk berinvestasi dan memproduksi kendaraan tersebut. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh kesiapan industri dan permintaan pasar yang besar, khususnya di DKI Jakarta, meskipun penggunaannya telah dibatasi melalui aturan ganjil-genap. Sementara insentif KBLBB yang dijalankan sejak April 2023 masih belum mendorong sebagian besar pelaku industri otomotif di Indonesia. Kendala yang dihadapi adalah biaya investasi dan alih teknologi industri yang sangat besar. Selain itu, para pelaku industri menganggap infrastruktur pendukung seperti SPKLU dan pasar KBLBB khususnya DKI Jakarta secara umum belum siap. Padahal, Pemerintah DKI Jakarta juga telah mendorong insentif pembebasan aturan ganjil-genap bagi KBLBB untuk mendukung insentif yang diterapkan pemerintah pusat.

This research evaluate the Low Cost Green Car (LCGC) and Battery-based Electric Vehicle (BEV) programme in the Low Carbon Emission Vehicle policy with by taking DKI Jakarta as case study. Low Carbon Emission Vehicle (LCEV) policy is the government efforts to reduce carbon emissions by promoting the adoption of eco-friendly vehicles through incentives. The efforts can't be separated from automotive industry sector investments to produce and sell of the LCEVs. Several countries have implemented the policy with their own approach, such like incentives for consumers, industries, and both as well. Unlike other countries, which mainstreaming the adoption of electric vehicles, incentives approach by the Government of Indonesia implemented to LCGCs and BEVs. This research taking DKI Jakarta as the case study caused by several factors, such as Indonesia's automotive market representative, traffic issues, air pollution, and the existence of local incentive instrument for LCEV.

The method of this research is descriptive with qualitative methods. The informants chosen with purposive method. The data in this research using primary data obtained from interviews with the informants which involved and contributed in the policy, that are Minister of Industry's General Directorate of Metal Industry, Engine, Transportation and Electronics, Environment Department of DKI Jakarta, The Association of Indonesia's Automotive Industries, LCEVs consumers, and the public of Jakarta. Meanwhile the secondary data obtained from informants documents and archives and from credible medias and websites as well. This research located in DKI Jakarta.

This research result shows that the incentives to LCGCs that implemented since 2013 has been influence the domestic automotive industries to invest and produce the vehicles. That's caused by few factors, such as industrial readiness and large market demands, especially in DKI Jakarta, although the adoption of LCGCs has been limited by the odd-even rule. Meanwhile most of the automakers in Indonesia still not influenced yet to invest in BEV's locally although the government has been implemented the incentives since April 2023. The obstacles that the automakers in Indonesia faced are high cost of investment and industrial technological. The automakers also considered that the supporting infrastructures such as charging stations and BEV's market isn't ready yet. Whereas, the Government of DKI Jakarta has been implemented the exemption from odd-even rules incentives for BEV users to support the national government's incentives program.

Kata Kunci : Insentif, KBH2, KBLBB, Kebijakan kendaraan bermotor roda empat emisi karbon rendah, industri otomotif