Oxygen Carrying Capacity of Erythrocytes in Critically Ill Patients of Dr. Sardjito General Hospital
Sarah Mazaya Hasbullah, Dr. Med. dr. Untung Widodo, Sp.An., KIC; Dr. dr. Djayanti Sari, M.Kes., Sp.An., KAP
2023 | Skripsi | PENDIDIKAN DOKTER
Latar Belakang: Penyakit kritis adalah keadaan perburukan kesehatan dengan disfungsi organ vital, risiko kematian yang tinggi jika tidak diberikan perawatan dan potensi reversibilitas. Sering ditemukan pada pasien yang sakit kritis yaitu hipoksia, suatu keadaan di mana oksigen tidak tersedia dalam jumlah yang cukup di tingkat jaringan untuk mempertahankan homeostasis yang memadai, yang dapat diakibatkan oleh pengiriman oksigen yang tidak memadai ke jaringan. Tes klinis yang paling penting dalam menilai kemanjuran transportasi oksigen adalah kapasitas angkut oksigen darah arteri, yang juga dikenal sebagai konsentrasi total oksigen dalam darah arteri (CaO2). Meski telah tersedia literatur yang menjelaskan saturasi oksigen dan tekanan parsial oksigen pada pasien kritis, sedikit atau hampir tidak ada literatur yang membahas kapasitas angkut oksigen eritrosit, khususnya secara individu.
Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui kapasitas angkut oksigen masing-masing eritrosit pada pasien kritis dan untuk mengamati korelasi antara karakteristik pasien kritis dengan kapasitas angkut oksigen darah dan eritrosit.
Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross-sectional retrospektif dengan data yang dikumpulkan dari rekam medis pasien di Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) RSUP Dr. Sardjito, khususnya pemeriksaan blood gas analysis (BGA) dan complete blood count (CBC). Data tersebut kemudian digunakan untuk menentukan kapasitas angkut oksigen darah arteri dan eritrosit pada pasien kritis. Korelasi antara karakteristik individu yang diamati beserta mortalitas dengan kapasitas angkut oksigen darah arteri dan eritrosit pun kami analisis.
Hasil: 99 sampel diambil secara berurutan dengan menggunakan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Rata-rata ± SD dari pengukuran laboratorium ditemukan berada dalam batas normal terkecuali nilai Hb normal ke rendah dan peningkatan nilai PaO2. Rata-rata ± SD CaO2 ditemukan sebesar 15,48±2,95 ml/dL darah arteri. Dengan menggunakan nilai CaO2, kapasitas angkut oksigen eritrosit diperoleh dengan membagi CaO2 dengan jumlah sel darah merah, menghasilkan rata-rata ± SD sebesar (37,75±3,76) ? 10^(-12) ml per eritrosit.
Kesimpulan: Penyakit kritis menyebabkan penurunan kapasitas angkut oksigen darah dan eritrosit. Kapasitas angkut oksigen darah (CaO2) pada pasien kritis ditemukan berada di bawah batas normal (16 sampai 22 ml). Terkait dengan karakteristik individu, CaO2 pada pasien sakit kritis ditemukan meningkat dengan pH, SaO2, jumlah sel darah merah, hemoglobin, dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup. Selain itu, CaO2 juga ditemukan menurun seiring dengan peningkatan PaCO2. Berdasarkan usulan CaO2 eritrosit normal, yaitu 33,89 ?10^(-12) ml hingga 57,14 ?10^(-12) ml, CaO2 eritrosit pada pasien kritis berkisar normal hingga rendah. Terkait dengan karakteristik individu, CaO2 eritrosit pada pasien kritis ditemukan meningkat bersamaan dengan pH, PaO2, dan SaO2, selagi ditemukan menurun seiring dengan peningkatan jumlah sel darah merah dan PaCO2.
Background: Critical illness is a state of ill health with vital organ dysfunction, a high risk of imminent death if care is not provided and the potential for reversibility. Commonly found in critically ill patients is hypoxia, a state in which oxygen is not available in sufficient amounts at the tissue level to maintain adequate homeostasis, which can result from inadequate oxygen delivery to the tissues. The most important clinical test in assessing the efficacy of oxygen transportation is the oxygen carrying capacity of arterial blood, also known as total concentration of oxygen in arterial blood (CaO2). And while there have been literatures describing the oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen in critically ill patients, few to no literature has discussed the oxygen carrying capacity of erythrocytes, particularly on an individual erythrocyte level.
Objective: To determine the oxygen carrying capacity of individual erythrocytes in critically ill patients and to observe the correlation between critically ill patient characteristics with the oxygen carrying capacity of blood and erythrocytes.
Methods: This study is a cross-sectional, retrospective study with data collected from medical records of patients in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) of Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, particularly the blood gas analysis (BGA) and complete blood count (CBC) results. The data were then used to determine the oxygen carrying capacity of arterial blood and erythrocytes in critically ill patients. The correlation between individual characteristics observed from the tests as well as survival outcome with oxygen carrying capacity of arterial blood and erythrocytes were also analyzed.
Result: 99 medical records were consecutively sampled using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mean ± SD of the laboratory measurements was found to be within their respective normal limit, excluding normal-to-low Hb values and increased PaO2 values. The mean ± SD of CaO2 was found to be 15.48±2.95 ml/dL of arterial blood. Using the values of CaO2, the oxygen carrying capacity of erythrocytes were obtained by dividing CaO2 with red blood cell count, resulting in a mean ± SD of (37.75±3.76) ? 10^(-12) ml per erythrocyte.
Conclusion: Critical illness was found to reduce the oxygen carrying capacity of blood and erythrocytes. The oxygen carrying capacity of blood (CaO2) in critically ill patients was found to be under the normal limit of 16 to 22 ml. In correlation with individual characteristics, CaO2 in the critically ill was found to increase with pH, SaO2, RBC count, hemoglobin, and survival rate, while it was also found to decrease along with an increase of PaCO2. Meanwhile, according to a proposed normal CaO2 of erythrocytes range of 33.89 ?10^(-12) ml to 57.14 ?10^(-12) ml, the CaO2 of erythrocytes in critically ill patients measured between normal to low. In correlation with individual characteristics, the CaO2 of erythrocytes in critically ill patients was found to increase with pH, PaO2, and SaO2, while it was also found to decrease along with an increase of RBC count and PaCO2.
Kata Kunci : Oxygen Carrying Capacity, Arterial Oxygen Content, Critical Illness, Blood Gas Analysis, ICU