Hubungan Status Gizi Kronis-Akut dengan Perkembangan Kognitif Anak Usia 36-59 Bulan di Indonesia (Analisis Data Riskesdas 2018)
Safira Zamrudiani, Dr. Drs. Abdul Wahab, MPH.; dr. Rosalia Kurniawati Harisaputra, MPH.
2023 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat
Latar Belakang: Perkembangan kognitif anak usia dini yang terlambat berpotensi mengalami kecatatan intelektual sehingga dapat memiliki capaian pendidikan yang buruk, pengangguran, pengucilan sosial, kondisi kesehatan yang menurun dan angka harapan hidup berkurang. Nutrisi yang baik akan membentuk perkembangan kognitif yang optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan status gizi kronis-akut dengan perkembangan kognitif anak usia 36-59 bulan di Indonesia.
Metode: Penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional menggunakan data Riskesdas 2018. Subjek penelitian adalah anak usia 36-59 bulan sebanyak 18027 anak. Analisis data yaitu analisis deskriptif, uji chi-square, dan regresi logistik berganda.
Hasil: Keterlambatan perkembangan kognitif anak ditemukan pada 61,21% anak yang menjadi sampel penelitian. Anak dengan status gizi stunted-underweight berpotensi mengalami keterlambatan perkembangan kognitif dibandingkan anak berstatus gizi normal (AOR=1,30 CI 95% 1,12-1,51) setelah dikontrol usia anak, jenis kelamin, pemberian vitamin A, kunjungan Antenatal Care (ANC), usia gestasi dan akses air minum dan sanitasi (risiko kombinasi), pendidikan dan kesehatan mental ibu (risiko kombinasi), pekerjaan ibu dan jumlah anggota rumah tangga (risiko kombinasi). Sementara status gizi wasted memiliki peluang 45% lebih rendah mengalami keterlambtan perkembangan kognitif (AOR=0,55 CI 95% 0,49-0,85). Risiko kombinasi dari anak yang stunted dengan riwayat kunjungan ANC kurang dari 4 kali serta akses air minum dan sanitasi yang tidak layak berpeluang lebih tinggi mengalami keterlambatan perkembangan kognitif (OR=5,41 CI 95% 1,08-27,03).
Kesimpulan: Anak dengan status gizi kronis-akut (stunted-underweight) merupakan prediktor paling tinggi untuk terjadinya keterlambatan perkembangan kognitif. Kekurangan gizi pada anak tidak hanya berdampak negatif pada pertumbuhan anak, namun berpotensi mengalami keterlambangan perkembangan kognitif.
Background: Delay of early childhood cognitive development has the potential to cause intellectual disability so they can
have poor educational attainment, responsiveness, social exclusion, declining
health conditions and reduced life expectancy. Good nutrition will shape
optimal cognitive development. This study aims to determine the relationship
between chronic-acute nutritional status and cognitive development of children aged
36-59 months in Indonesia.
Method: Quantitative study with a
cross-sectional design using Riskesdas 2018 data. The research subjects were
18,027 children aged 36-59 months. Data analysis is descriptive analysis,
chi-square test and multiple logistic regression.
Results: Delays in cognitive development were
found in 61.21% of the children who were the study sample. Children with
chronic-acute nutritional status (stunted-underweight) have the potential to
experience delays in cognitive development compared to children with normal
nutritional status (AOR=1.30, 95% CI 1.12-1.51) after experiencing infant age,
gender, vitamin A supplementation, antenatal care visits, gestational age and
access to drinking water and sanitation (combined risk), maternal education and
mental health (combined risk), maternal occupation and number of household
members (combined risk). While acute nutritional status (wasted) has a 45%
lower chance of experiencing cognitive development delays (AOR=0.55, 95% CI
0.49-0.85). Then, the combined risk of stunted children with a history of less
than 4 ANC visits and inadequate access to drinking water and sanitation was pressured higher experience delays in
cognitive development
Conclusion: Children with chronic-acute
nutritional status (stunted-underweight) are the highest predictors of
cognitive development delays. Malnutrition in children not only has a negative
impact on physical growth, but has the potential to delay cognitive
development.
Kata Kunci : Perkembangan Kognitif, Status Gizi Kronis-Akut, Underweight, Stunting, Wasting, Riskesdas