Kosakata Baru dalam Bahasa Jerman pada Masa Covid-19

ALYA GALUH RAHMADYA JEANITHA, Dr. Tri Mastoyo Jati Kesuma, M. Hum.

2023 | Tesis | S2 Linguistik

Penelitian ini membahas tentang kosakata baru dalam bahasa Jerman pada masa Covid-19 yang dilihat dari klasifikasi dan pembentukan katanya. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa 1940 kosakata baru yang diambil dari Das Online Wortschatz-Informationssystem Deustsch (OWID) des Instituts fuer Deutsche Sprache 'Sistem informasi kosakata daring Jerman dari Institut Bahasa Jerman'. Data tersebut dikumpulkan menggunakan metode simak dengan teknik catat dan dianalisis menggunakan metode agih dengan teknik bagi unsur langsung. Pada penelitian ini, terdapat dua teori utama yang digunakan sebagai pisau bedah, yaitu teori tentang kelas kata berdasarkan (Pittner, 2016) dan pembentukan kata berdasarkan (Volmert, 1999). Hasil analisis disajikan menggunakan metode formal dan informal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 1940 kosakata baru dalam bahasa Jerman pada masa Covid-19 dalam rentang tahun 2020-2021. Pada tahun 2020 terdapat 975 kosakata (50,26%) dan tahun 2021 terdapat 965 kosakata (49,74%). Berdasarkan asalnya, kosakata baru berasal dari bahasa Inggris sebanyak 60 kata (3,09%) dan bahasa Jerman sebanyak 1880 kata (96,91%). Berdasarkan kelas kata, kosakata ini terbagi menjadi nomina, verba, adjektiva, dan adverbia. Pada tahun 2020 terdapat 913 (93,64%) nomina, 14 (1,44%) verba, dan 48 (4,92%) adjektiva. Pada tahun 2021 terdapat 923 (95,65%) nomina, 14 (1,45%) verba, 27 (2,80%) adjektiva, dan 1 (0,10%) adverbia. Berdasarkan konteks penggunaannya, kosakata yang digunakan untuk konteks kesehatan sebanyak 306 kata (31,38%), konteks sosial sebanyak 285 kata (29,23%), konteks ekonomi sebanyak 69 kata (7,08%), konteks regulasi sebanyak 68 kata (6,97%), konteks politik sebanyak 61 kata (6,26%), konteks teknologi sebanyak 55 kata  (5,64%), konteks pendidikan sebanyak 41 kata (4,21%), konteks pekerjaan sebanyak 36 kata (3,69%), konteks keadaan mental sebanyak 27 kata (2,77%), dan konteks hiburan sebanyak 27 kata (2,77%). Pada tahun 2021 konteks kesehatan sebanyak 465 kata (48,19%), konteks regulasi sebanyak 159 kata (16,48%), konteks sosial sebanyak 121 kata (12,54%), konteks politik sebanyak 55 kata (5,69%), konteks ekonomi sebanyak 54 kata (5,59%), konteks keadaan mental sebanyak 32 kata (3,32%), konteks teknologi sebanyak 28 kata (2,90%), konteks hiburan sebanyak 2 kata (2,28%), konteks pendidikan sebanyak 18 kata (1,87%), dan konteks pekerjaan sebanyak 11 kata (1,14%). Kosakata baru yang muncul mengalami proses komposisi sebesar 830 kata (90,12%) pada tahun 2020 dan 858 kata (92,46%) pada tahun 2021, konversi sebanyak empat kata (0,43%) pada tahun 2020 dan enam kata (0,65%) pada tahun 2021, derivasi sebanyak 58 kata (6,30%) pada tahun 2020 dan 29 kata (3,13%) pada tahun 2021, kontaminasi sebanyak 12 kata (1,30%) pada tahun 2020 dan 17 kata (1,83%) pada tahun 2021, dan singkatan sebanyak 17 kata (1,85%) pada tahun 2020 dan 18 kata (1,94%) pada tahun 2021. 

This study examines the new vocabulary in German during the Covid-19 period in terms of classification and word formation. The data in this study are new vocabulary taken from Das Online Wortschatz-Informationssystem Deustsch (OWID) des Instituts fuer Deutsche Sprache ‘German online vocabulary information system from the German Language Institute’. The data were collected using the listening method with note-taking technique and analyzed using the agih method with direct elemental division technique. In this research, there are two main theories used as a scalpel, namely the theory of word classes based on (Pittner, 2016) and word formation based on (Volmert, 1999). The results of the analysis are presented using formal and informal methods. The results show that there were 1940 new vocabulary words in German during the Covid-19 period in the range of 2020-2021. In 2020 there were 975 vocabularies (50,26%) and in 2021 there were 965 vocabularies (49,74%). Based on origin, the new vocabulary comes from English as many as 60 words (3,09%) and German as many as 1880 words (96,91%). Based on word class, the vocabulary is divided into nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverb. In 2020, there were 913 (93,64%) nouns, 14 (1,44%) verbs, and 48 (4,92%) adjectives. Meanwhile, in 2021 there were 923 (95,65%) nouns, 14 (1,45%) verbs, 27 (2,80%) adjectives, and 1 (0,10%) adverb. Based on the context of use, the vocabulary used in the health context was 306 words (31,38%), social context was 285 words (29,23%), economic context was 69 words (7,08%), regulatory context was 68 words (6,97%), political context was 61 words (6,26%), technological context was 55 words (5,64%), educational context was 41 words (4,21%), employment context was 36 words (3,69%), mental state context was 27 words (2,77%), and entertainment context was as many as 27 words (2,77%). Meanwhile, in 2021, the health context was 465 words (48,19%), the regulatory context was 159 words (16,48%), the social context was 121 words (12,54%), the political context was 55 words (5,69%), the economic context was 54 words (5,59%), the mental state context was 32 words (3,32%), the technology context was 28 words (2,90%), the entertainment context was 2 words (2,28%), the education context was 18 words (1,87%), and the work context was 11 words (1,14%). The new vocabulary that emerged experienced a composition process of 830 words (90,12%) in 2020 and 858 words (92,46%) in 2021, conversion of four words (0,43%) in 2020 and six words (0,65%) in 2021, derivation of 58 words (6,30%) in 2020 and 29 words (3,13%) in 2021, contamination as many as 12 words (1,30%) in 2020 and 17 words (1,83%) in 2021, and abbreviations was as many as 17 words (1,85%) in 2020 and 18 words (1,94%) in 2021. 

Kata Kunci : kosakata baru, Covid-19, bahasa Jerman, kelas kata, pembentukan kata