PUBLIC TRANSPORT ELECTRIFICATION: ELECTRIC BUS LIFE CYCLE COST AND GHG EMISSION ANALYSES IN KUALA LUMPUR AND KRISTIANSAND

Siti Nurwala, Naima Saeed, Ph.D.; Luluk Lusiantoro, S.E., M.Sc., Ph.D.

2023 | Tesis | Magister Manajemen

Bus listrik dapat membantu masyarakat dalam mengatasi masalah kualitas udara dan menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca (emisi GRK) (bersama dengan grid bersih). Namun, peralihan ke bus listrik disertai dengan rintangan dalam mengembangkan pasar bus listrik yang baru. Dalam mengoptimalkan potensi pengurangan emisi karbon dari bus listrik, kota-kota harus mengatasi masalah utama dalam penerapan bus listrik, yaitu biaya perolehan yang tinggi. Untuk melampaui biaya perolehan, evaluasi siklus hidup total (life cycle assessment, LCA) dari manfaat biaya dan emisi karbon diperlukan. Dalam transisi elektrifikasi transportasi massal perkotaan, memahami perbedaan kemampuan kota-kota di negara maju dan berkembang sangat penting dalam membangun dukungan lokal dan global serta nasional. Studi ini melakukan LCA dalam bentuk total biaya kepemilikan (total cost of ownership, TCO) dan emisi GRK dari bus listrik dan bus diesel, dengan membandingkan operasi mereka di Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia dan Kristiansand di Agder, Norwegia. Ditemukan bahwa di kedua kota, bus listrik masih belum mencapai daya saing biaya. Diperlukan pengeluaran tahunan tambahan sebesar Euro 47.555,4 dan Euro 37.146,8 untuk mencapai pengurangan emisi karbon sebesar 76,78 tCO2 dan 41,14 tCO2 dengan beralih dari satu unit bus diesel ke bus listrik di Kristiansand dan Kuala Lumpur, secara berurutan.

Electric buses can assist communities in addressing air quality issues and lowering greenhouse gas emissions (along with a clean grid). However, the switch to e-buses has been accompanied with growing pains as businesses and governments work to develop the budding e-bus market. In optimizing the carbon emission reduction potential of electric buses, cities first need to address the main problem with electric bus's deployment; high acquisition cost. To move beyond acquisition cost, a total life cycle assessment (LCA) of both cost and carbon emission benefits are necessary. In the electrification transition of urban mass transport, understanding the difference capabilities of cities in developed and developing countries are crucial in building local and mobilizing global and national support. This study carries out a LCA in the form of total cost of ownership (TCO) and GHG emission of electric bus and diesel bus, comparing their operations in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Kristiansand in Agder, Norway. It is found that in both cities, BEBs are yet to achieve cost competitiveness. It will take an additional annual expense of Euro 47,555.4 and Euro 37,146.8 to achieve carbon emission reduction of 76.78 tCO2 and 41.14 tCO2 by switching a unit of diesel bus to electric in Kristiansand and Kuala Lumpur, respectively.

Kata Kunci : Electric buses, greenhouse gas emissions, life cycle assessment, total cost of ownership, carbon emission reduction, urban mass transport