EVALUASI KONTRIBUSI DEBITUR BUMN YANG MEMPEROLEH KEBIJAKAN KREDIT KORPORASI DENGAN SUKU BUNGA KHUSUS TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS BANK TABUNGAN NEGARA MELALUI MODEL RAROC DAN CUSTOMER PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS

YUSTIA, I Wayan Nuka Lantara, M.Si., Ph.D.

2020 | Tesis | MAGISTER MANAJEMEN (KAMPUS JAKARTA)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi seberapa besar kontribusi Group Debitur BUMN terhadap profitabilitas Bank dari realisasi kredit korporasi yang mendapatkan kebijakan suku bunga khusus dimana suku bunga tersebut dibawah suku bunga kredit bagi debitur umum. Metode penelitian dengan menggunakan sampel Group BUMN yang merupakan 9 debitur inti Bank BTN dengan model Pareto (20% penyebab - 82% efek bagi kinerja Bank BTN), kemudian dilakukan model perhitungan untuk mengukur tingkat keuntungan Bank BTN terhadap beban biaya kredit yang harus dikeluarkan jika mengahadapi risiko terburuk melalui model RAROC (Risk Adjusted Return On Capital) dan mengukur kontribusi Debitur BUMN terhadap profitabilitas Bank melalui model CPA (Customer Profitability Analysis). Hasil penelitian pada studi kasus Sampel 9 Group Debitur BUMN periode 2014 s/d 2019, ditemukan 40,38% kredit yang dilakukan penyesuaian (adjusted) nilai Equity Risk Premium. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa untuk mendapatkan keuntungan bersih dari realisasi kredit, Bank memberikan kebijakan tingkat suku bunga yang rendah dan meningkatkan risiko kehilangan modal (capital) yang lebih besar untuk menutupi kerugian jika kredit BUMN tersebut mengalami default (gagal bayar) ataupun mengalami kondisi terburuk (un expected loss) sehingga mempengaruhi tingkat solvabilitas Bank dibanding kredit lainnya yang tidak dilakukan penyesuaian (adjusted). Hasil penelitian yang menggunakan model Customer Profitability Analysis (CPA) ditemukan 64,52% yang menghasilkan nilai Profit Margin < ROA dari Bank ( < 1,5%), hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa terhadap Sampel Group Debitur yang menghasilkan nilai CPA < 1,5% belum memberikan konstribusi yang maksimal bagi keuntungan Bank meskipun sudah diberikan suku bunga khusus dari realisasi kreditnya. Namun demikian hasil penelitian menyimpulkan ekspansi kredit korporasi kepada segmen Group Debitur BUMN dapat terus dilakukan , mengingat hal tersebut cukup efektif dalam memperbaiki kualitas kredit Bank . Berdasarkan data historis selama 6 tahun NPL Debitur BUMN nol, peningkatan kontribusi terhadap profitabilitas bank dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa alternatif seperti : 1. Meningkatkan volume realisasi kredit modal kerja BUMN yang memiliki jangka waktu pendek 1-2 tahun (KMK Kontraktor, Kredit Modal kerja, Swadana) karena nilai Duration lebih pendek, Capital at Risk lebih rendah, dan risiko kredit lebih rendah sehingga dapat menghasilkan Net Income kredit dan RAROC yang tinggi. 2.Untuk jenis kredit yang memiliki jangka waktu lebih panjang 5-15 tahun (kredit investasi, kredit konstruksi). Bank harus lebih selektif dalam memberikan suku bunga khusus tersebut karena Duration lebih panjang, Capital at Risk lebih besar, dan risiko kredit lebih tinggi sehingga menghasilkan Net Income Kredit dan RAROC rendah 3.Untuk Group Debitur BUMN yang menghasilkan nilai Profit Margin < ROA Bank (profit margin <1,5%) dari perhitungan model CPA (Customer Profitability Analysis) . Dilakukan adjust (penyesuaian) untuk menghasilkan nilai keuntungan maksimal bagi Bank (profit margin > 1,5%), diantaranya: Pengendapan dana baru berupa Giro yang merupakan dana murah (CASA), Meningkatkan fee based transaksional debitur dan kerjasama bisnis lainnya.

This study aims to evaluate how much the contribution of the BUMN Debtor Group to the profitability of the Bank from the realization of corporate credit which has a special interest rate policy where the interest rate is below the loan interest rate for general debtors. The research method uses a sample of the BUMN Group which is the 9 core debtors of Bank BTN with the "pareto" model (20% of the causes - 82% of the effect for the performance of Bank BTN), then a calculation model is carried out to measure the level of Bank BTN profit against the burden of credit costs that must be issued if facing the worst risk through the RAROC (Risk Adjusted Return On Capital) model and measuring the contribution of BUMN Debtors to the Bank's profitability through the CPA (Customer Profitability Analysis) model. The results of the research on the case study of Sample 9 BUMN Debtor Group for the period 2014 to 2019, found that 40.38% of loans were adjusted (adjusted) to the value of Equity Risk Premium. This indicates that to get a net profit from the realization of credit, the Bank provides a policy of low interest rates and increases the risk of a greater loss of capital to cover losses if the BUMN credit defaults or the worst conditions (un expected loss) so that it affects the level of the Bank's solvency compared to other loans that are not adjusted. The results of research using the Customer Profitability Analysis (CPA) model were found to be 64.52% which resulted in a Profit Margin value <ROA of the Bank (<1.5%), this indicates that the Debtor Group Sample resulted in a CPA value <1.5%. has not yet made the maximum contribution to the Bank's profits even though it has already been given a special interest rate from its credit realization. However, the research concludes that corporate credit expansion to the BUMN Debtor Group segment can be continued, considering that it is quite effective in improving the quality of bank credit. Based on historical data for 6 years of zero BUMN Debtor NPL, increasing the contribution to bank profitability can be done with several alternatives such as: 1. Increase the volume of realization of SOE working capital loans with short terms of 1-2 years because the value of duration is shorter, Capital at Risk is lower, and credit risk is lower so that it can generate Net Income credit and high RAROC. 2. For types of credit that have a longer term of 5-15 years (investment credit, construction credit). Banks must be more selective in providing these special interest rates because the duration is longer, the Capital at Risk is greater, and the credit risk is higher, resulting in lower Net Income Credit and RAROC. 3. For BUMN Debtor Group that generates Profit Margin <ROA of the Bank (profit margin <1.5%) from the calculation of the CPA (Customer Profitability Analysis) model. Adjustments were made to generate maximum profit value for the Bank (profit margin> 1.5%), including: Settlement of new funds in the form of low-cost funds (CASA), Increasing fee-based debtors and other business cooperation

Kata Kunci : Profitabilitas Bank / evaluasi kontribusi debitur BUMN/ suku bunga / RAROC (Risk Adjusted Return On Capital) / Customer Profitability Analysis / kredit korporasi Group BUMN