KAJIAN GARIS PANGKAL LURUS NEGARA VIETNAM SESUAI ASPEK GEOSPASIAL DAN LEGAL MENGACU PADA UNCLOS 1982

SISKASARI SATOTO, I Made Andi Arsana, S.T.,M.E.,Ph.D.

2020 | Skripsi | S1 TEKNIK GEODESI

Berdasarkan Konvensi Internasional mengenai Hukum Laut atau UNCLOS, sebuah negara berhak atas klaim zona maritim berupa laut teritorial, zona tambahan, Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE) dan landas kontingen. Penarikan klaim zona maritim ditetapkan berdasarkan penarikan garis pangkal suatu negara pantai. Kesesuaian penarikan garis pangkal dinilai sangat penting untuk suatu negara. Republik Sosialis Vietnam mengajukan klaim garis pangkal lurus pada tahun 1982. Hal ini menuai protes dari berbagai negara terutama dari United States, karena dianggap tidak sesuai dengan kondisi geografis Republik Sosialis Vietnam. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan kajian garis pangkal lurus Vietnam mengacu pada UNCLOS 1982 untuk mengetahui kelayakan setiap titik pangkal yang digunakan Vietnam disesuaikan dengan poin-poin pada Pasal 7 UNCLOS 1982. Langkah selanjutnya yaitu membuat alternatif garis pangkal yang sesuai dengan kondisi geografis Negara Vietnam dan dapat diterima oleh seluruh pihak. Penelitian ini juga melakukan perhitungan terhadap area maritim yaitu Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif yang diperoleh Vietnam apabila menggunakan garis pangkal lurus dan garis pangkal normal, sehingga dihasilkan perbedaan luas area maritim yang diperoleh Vietnam apabila menggunakan garis pangkal lurus maupun garis pangkal normal. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah garis pangkal lurus yang digunakan Vietnam saat ini tidak sesuai dengan kondisi geografis Negara Vietnam karena Vietnam merupakan negara pantai yang memiliki garis pantai melintang dari utara hingga selatan dengan garis pantai yang cukup teratur, hal ini tidak sesuai dengan poin-poin pada Pasal & UNCLOS 1982. Republik Sosialis Vietnam dinilai lebih sesuai menggunakan garis pangkal normal apabila dilihat dari bentuk garis pantainya, sehingga dihasilkan peta garis pangkal normal yang dapat digunakan sebagai acuan pembuatan garis pangkal normal untuk Vietnam. Luas Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif yang diperoleh Vietnam apabila menggunakan garis pangkal lurus sebesar 999.388,064 km2, sedangkan apabila menggunakan garis pangkal normal sebesar 942.113,004 km2. Dihasilkan perbedaan luas Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif sebesar 57.275 km2, perolehan ZEE lebih luas apabila menerapkan garis pangkal lurus namun menyalahi aturan yang ditetapkan oleh UNCLOS 1982.

Based on the International Convention on the Law of the Sea or UNCLOS, a country has the right to claim maritime zones in the form of territorial seas, additional zones, Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) and contingent takeoffs. Withdrawal of maritime zone claims is determined based on the baseline drawing of a coastal country. The suitability of baseline drawings is considered very important for a country. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam filed a claim for a straight line in 1982. This drew protests from various countries, especially from the United States, because it was deemed incompatible with the geographical conditions of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. In this study, a Vietnam baseline study was conducted referring to UNCLOS 1982 to determine the feasibility of each starting point used by Vietnam adjusted to the points in Article 7 of UNCLOS 1982. The next step is to make alternative baselines that are in accordance with the geographical conditions of Vietnam and are acceptable by all parties. This study also calculates the maritime area, which is the Exclusive Economic Zone obtained by Vietnam when using a straight baseline and a normal baseline, so that a difference in maritime area obtained by Vietnam when using a straight baseline or a normal baseline. Vietnam's base of straight refers to UNCLOS 1982 to determine the feasibility of each base point used by Vietnam adjusted to the points in Article 7 of UNCLOS 1982. The next step is to make alternative baselines in accordance with the geographical conditions of the State of Vietnam and can be accepted by all parties. This study also calculated the maritime area, which is the Exclusive Economic Zone obtained by Vietnam when using a straight baseline and a normal baseline, so that a difference in maritime area obtained by Vietnam when using a straight baseline or a normal baseline. The results of this study are the straight baselines used by Vietnam today are not in accordance with the geographical conditions of the State of Vietnam because Vietnam is a coastal country that has a transverse coastline from north to south with a fairly regular coastline, this is not in accordance with the points in Article & UNCLOS 1982. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is considered more suitable using normal baselines when viewed from the shape of the coastline, so that a normal baseline map can be produced which can be used as a reference for making normal baselines for Vietnam. The Exclusive Economic Zone area obtained by Vietnam when using a straight baseline is 999,388,064 km2, while if using a normal baseline is 942.113,004 km2. The resulting wide difference in the Exclusive Economic Zone of 57,275 km2, the acquisition of EEZ is broader if it applies a straight baseline but violates the rules set by UNCLOS 1982.

Kata Kunci : garis pangkal lurus, Vietnam, Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif