Model Integratif Permukiman Formal dan Informal di Tepian Sungai Kasus: Permukiman Tepian Sungai Kahayan Kota Palangka Raya

NOOR HAMIDAH, Prof. Dr. Rijanta, M. Sc.; Prof. Ir. Bakti Setiawan, M. A., Ph.D.; Prof. Dr. Muh Aris Marfai, M. Sc.

2018 | Disertasi | DOKTOR ILMU GEOGRAFI

Cara pandang dan kajian kebijakan perumahan dan permukiman selama ini cenderung mendikotomikan permukiman secara formal dan informal. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi integrasi formal dan informal di permukiman Kampung Pahandut, di Kota Palangka Raya, Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian adalah merumuskan model integratif permukiman formal dan informal di tepian Sungai Kahayan. Tujuan rinci penelitian, yaitu: (1) mendeskripsikan integrasi permukiman formal dan informal di tepian Sungai Kahayan melalui variabel-variabel fisik, ekonomi dan sosial, (2) menganalisis kualitas integrasi permukiman formal dan informal di tepian sungai, dan (3) menganalisis model integratif permukiman formal dan informal dalam konteks prospek keberlanjutan di masa depan. Penelitian model integratif permukiman formal dan informal berkontribusi melengkapi teori perumahan dan permukiman perkotaan khususnya alternatif penyediaan permukiman melalui perbaikan permukiman informal di tepian sungai di Indonesia. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode gabungan (kualitatif dan kuantatif) melalui penelitian lapangan sebagai cara atau alat untuk merumuskan model integratif permukiman formal dan informal dari sisi fisik, ekonomi, dan sosial kampung. Data primer diperoleh data lapangan di lingkup RT (RT-01), RW (RW-XXII), dan kampung (Kampung Pahandut). Data primer mengumpulkan data integrasi permukiman formal dan informal dari sisi fisik, ekonomi, dan sosial melalui wawancara dengan masyarakat Kampung Pahandut dan wawancara mendalam dengan informan kunci dalam memperoleh informasi komprehensif. Pengambilan data sekunder diperoleh dari data podes dan data Kelurahan Pahandut, Kecamatan Pahandut, Kota Palangka Raya. Tahap penelitian terbagi tiga yaitu tahap persiapan, tahap pelaksanaan kegiatan, dan tahap pasca lapangan. Penelitian model integratif permukiman dianalisis secara deskriptif kekuatan kualitas dan prospek keberlanjutan permukiman tepian Sungai Kahayan. Kampung Pahandut merupakan cerminan integrasi kampung dengan Kota Palangka Raya sebagai bagian yang tidak terpisah dari sisi ekonomi, sosial dan spasial. Penelitian ini menemukan antara lain: pertama, teridentifikasi aspek integrasi permukiman formal dan informal melalui: (1) deskripsi fisik yaitu integrasi tanah, rumah, dan jaringan fisik (jalan, penerangan, air bersih, dan pembuangan sampah); (2) deskripsi ekonomi yaitu integrasi fasilitas ekonomi dan aktivitas ekonomi; dan (3) deskripsi sosial yaitu integrasi fasilitas dan aktivitas sosial yang kuat antara Kampung Pahandut dan Kota Palangka Raya. Kedua, kualitas integrasi permukiman formal dan informal adalah cukup efektif, hal ini ditunjukkan antara lain: (1) kualitas integrasi fisik ditunjukkan oleh 4 dari 6 variabel efektif (jalan, penerangan, air bersih, dan pembuangan sampah); (2) kualitas integrasi ekonomi ditunjukkan oleh 3 dari 4 variabel ekonomi efektif (akses ke lokasi pekerjaan, ketersediaan ekonomi makro sampai mikro dan fasilitas ekonomi); dan (3) kualitas integrasi sosial efektif ditunjukkan oleh semua variabel sosial (fasilitas dan akses pendidikan, ibadah, kesehatan, dan ruang bersama). Kualitas integrasi fisik dan ekonomi yang belum efektif terkait status kepemilikan tanah dan bangunan terletak di kawasan hijau tepian Sungai Kahayan direkomendasikan untuk memperoleh hak pakai bangunan bagi penduduk di permukiman informal Kampung Pahandut. Ketiga, penelitian ini menunjukkan prospek keberlanjutan integrasi secara positif dibuktikan oleh kekuatan deskripsi dan kualitas integrasi formal dan informal yang efektif baik dari sisi fisik, ekonomi, sosial Kampung Pahandut. Penelitian model integrasi permukiman memberi sumbangan teori untuk perumahan/permukiman dan kota di negara-negara berkembang khususnya teori perbaikan permukiman di kawasan tepian sungai.

The perspective and review of housing and settlement policies has tended to dichotomic of formalize and informally of settlements. This research tries to explore Kampung Pahandut, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The main objective is to formulate the integration of formal and informal settlements on the Kahayan urban riverside area. The research specifies in several objectives: (1) to describe integration of formal and informal settlement in the Kahayan urban riverside area through physical, economic and social (2) to analyze the quality of formal and informal integration in urban riverside settlements, and (3) to analyze formal and informal integrative model in the context of sustainability prospects of future urban riverside settlements. The study of integrative models of formal and informal settlements contributes to complement urban housing and settlement theories especially alternative settlements through improvements of informal settlements on the urban riverside in Indonesia. The research method used a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) through field research as a means or tool for formulating an integrative model of formal and informal settlements from the physical, economic and social side of the kampung. Primary data is taken from neighbourhood association/RT (RT-01), community association/RW (RW-XXII), and Kampung (Kampung Pahandut). Primary data collects data on the integration of formal and informal settlements from the physical, economic, and social side through interviews with Kampung Pahandut communities and in-depth interviews with key informants in obtaining comprehensive information. Primary data is taken from key person to complete the data. Secondary data is taken from potential village (podes) and Kelurahan Pahandut annual report in year 2014, district of Pahandut, Palangka Raya City. The research phase is divided into three stages: preparation stage, activity stage, and post field stage. The study of the integrative model of settlement was analyzed descriptively by the quality strength and prospect of sustainability of Kahayan urban riverside settlement. Kampung Pahandut is a reflection of integration between kampung and Palangka Raya City as an integral part of economic, social and spatial aspects. The study found: first, identified aspects of formal and informal settlement integration through: (1) physical description of soil, house and physical network integration (roads, lighting, clean water and garbage disposal); (2) economic description that is integration of economic facility and economic activity; and (3) social description of integration of facilities and strong social activities between Kampung Pahandut and Palangka Raya City. Second, the quality of the integration of formal and informal settlements is quite effective, it is shown: (1) the quality of physical integration is shown by 4 of the 6 effective variables (road, lighting, clean water, and garbage disposal); (2) the quality of economic integration is demonstrated by 3 of the 4 effective economic variables (access to job sites, the availability of macro to micro economics and economic facilities); and (3) the quality of effective social integration is demonstrated by all social variables (facilities and access to education, religion facilities, health, and common space). The ineffective quality of physical and economic integration related to land and building ownership status located in the green area of the Kahayan River is recommended to obtain the right to use for the residents in the informal settlements of Kampung Pahandut. Third, this study shows the prospect of sustainability of integration positively evidenced by the effective description and quality of formal and informal integration both from the physical, economic, social side of Kampung Pahandut. The settlement integration model research contributes theories to housing/settlements and cities in developing countries, especially the theory of settlement improvement in the riverside area.

Kata Kunci : Katakunci: model, permukiman, integratif, formal, informal, Sungai Kahayan, Palangka Raya