Altruisme dan Penawaran Tenaga Kerja Lansia

WIDA REZA HARDIYANTI, Dr. Evi Noor Afifah, S.E., M.S.E

2019 | Skripsi | S1 ILMU EKONOMI

Penelitian bertujuan untuk menguji hipotesis repayment, insurance against risk, dan exchange money for time dalam pola transfer serta dampak pemberian transfer terhadap penawaran tenaga kerja lansia. Peneliti menggunakan data sekunder dari IFLS (Indonesian Family Life Survey) gelombang 3, 4 dan 5 yang dikeluarkan oleh RAND. Rentang waktu penelitian tahun 2000, 2007, dan 2014 yang mencakup 13 provinsi di Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan model Heckman two-step untuk mengatasi bias pemilihan sampel dan variabel instrumen untuk mengatasi permasalahan endogenitas mengenai jumlah anak. Awalnya peneliti menduga terdapat endogenitas dalam pemilihan tinggal bersama, tetapi ternyata setelah diuji variabel tersebut eksogen. Bias dalam pemilihan sampel terjadi karena peneliti tak dapat mengukur willingness to transfer dari anak kepada orang tua. Peneliti menggunakan Heckman two-step dengan exclusion restriction untuk menguji hipotesis repayment, insurance against risk, dan exchange money for time dalam pola transfer. Exclusion restriction yang digunakan adalah urutan anak dan jumlah anak laki-laki. Variabel instrumen yang digunakan adalah urutan anak. Alternatif IV lainnya adalah jenis kelamin anak pertama. Bila orang tua memiliki minimal dua anak, maka dummy apakah jenis kelamin anak pertama sama dengan jenis kelamin anak kedua dapat digunakan sebagai IV (Chun dan Oh 2002). Peneliti menemukan adanya insurance against risk dan pertukaran uang dengan waktu. Insurance against risk dibuktikan dengan adanya transfer yang diberikan kepada anggota keluarga yang berada dalam kondisi sakit atau tidak bekerja. Pertukaran uang dengan waktu dapat terlihat dari orang tua yang memberikan transfer uang lebih banyak kepada anak yang telah merawatnya dalam kondisi sakit. Namun, tidak ditemukan bukti adanya repayment yaitu anak memberi transfer kepada orang tua sebagai bentuk imbal balik atas investasi pendidikan yang dilakukan orang tua untuk anaknya. Hasil penelitian ini serupa dengan Becker dan Tomes (1976) yang menemukan bahwa sifat altruisme orang tua tidak mengharap balasan dari anak di kemudian hari. Selain itu, peneliti juga menemukan adanya bias pemilihan sampel tenaga kerja lansia karena sampel bersifat non acak sehingga digunakan model Heckman two-step untuk mengatasi bias. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa transfer uang dari anak tidak berdampak terhadap penawaran tenaga kerja lansia sehingga tidak terbukti bahwa transfer merupakan sistem old age security. Transfer yang diberikan anak jumlahnya hanya berkisar 28-35% dari total pendapatan sehingga orang tua tetap bekerja meskipun telah berusia lanjut.

The research aims to examine the hypothesis of repayment, insurance against risk, and exchange money for time in the pattern of transfers and the impact of giving transfers on the supply of elderly labor. The researcher used secondary data from IFLS (Indonesian Family Life Survey) waves 3, 4 and 5 issued by RAND. The time span of the study from 2000, 2007, and 2014 covers 13 provinces in Indonesia. The study used Heckman two-step model to overcome sample selection bias and instrument variables to overcome endogenous problems regarding the number of children. Initially the researchers suspected that there was endogenicity in the selection of living together but it turned out that after being tested for exogenous variables. Sample selection bias occurs because researchers cannot measure willingness to transfer from children to parents. The researcher used Heckman two-step with exclusion restriction to test the hypothesis of repayment, insurance against risk, and exchange money for time in the pattern of transfers. The exclusion restriction used is the order of children and the number of male children. The instrument variable used is the order of children. Another alternative IV is the sex of the first child. If parents have at least two children, then the dummy is whether the sex of the first child is the same as the sex of the second child can be used as IV (Chun and Oh 2002).Researchers find insurance against risk and exchange of money with time. Insurance against risk proven by the transfer given to family members who are sick or not working. Exchange of money with time can be seen from parents who provide more money transfers to children who have cared for them in sick conditions. However, no evidence of repayment was found, namely children giving transfers to parents because they wanted to reciprocate to parents who had paid for their education. This finding is similar with Becker and Tomes (1976) which found that parental altruism behavior didn�¢ï¿½ï¿½t expect any return from their children. In addition, the researcher also found that there was a bias in the selection of elderly labor samples because the sample was non-random so that the Heckman two- step model was used to overcome the bias. The results of the study indicate that money transfers from children do not have an impact on the supply of elderly workers, it is not proven that transfers are an old age security system. Transfers given by children amount to only around 28-35% of total income so parents keep working even though they are old.

Kata Kunci : coresidence, elderly labor supply, Heckman two-step, IV (instrument variable), transfer