ALIH FUNGSI LAHAN SAWAH SUBAK KE LAHAN TERBANGUN DI KELURAHAN UBUD KECAMATAN UBUD KABUPATEN GIANYAR BALI

SEKAR WIJAYANTI NOOR HASANAH, Dr. Ir. Suryanto, M.SP.; Ir. Gunung Radjiman, M.Sc.

2016 | Tesis | S2 Perencanaan Kota dan Daerah

Provinsi Bali mengalami alih fungsi sebesar 4.151 hektar pada lahan sawah pada periode tahun 2000-2012. Fenomena alih fungsi lahan sawah irigasi di Bali tidak hanya dipicu oleh dinamika perkembangan wilayah urban, tetapi karena makin pesatnya perkembangan sektor pariwisata. Hilangnya lahan sawah di Bali dapat mengancam keberlangsungan subak. Subak yang merupakan sistem irigasi sawah khas Bali telah dianugerahi status Warisan Dunia untuk kategori lanskap budaya dari UNESCO. Penelitian dilakukan di Kelurahan Ubud Kecamatan Ubud Kabupaten Gianyar Bali dengan 16 subak sebagai obyek kajian. Pertimbangan utama yang mendasari pemilihan lokasi adalah Ubud yang dikenal sebagai daerah seniman, mengalami perkembangan pesat pada aspek pariwisata. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan deduktif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui indepth interview dan observasi, dengan penentuan sampel secara purposive sampling dan snowball sampling. Analisis data dilakukan untuk menjawab rumusan masalah penelitian yaitu proses alih fungsi lahan sawah, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi, dan pengaruh alih fungsi terhadap tata ruang tradisional desa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sawah di daerah selatan (pusat kota) mengalami alih fungsi sangat pesat dengan dominasi lahan terbangun berupa akomodasi wisata. Lokasi, harga lahan, dan regulasi menjadi faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya alih fungsi. Dampak yang timbul dari alih fungsi lahan meliputi (a) dampak pada subak baik secara landskap fisik maupun kehidupan sosial-religi subak; (b) dampak pada desa tradisional Ubud yaitu terjadi ketidakteraturan bangunan dan tata ruang menurut konsep desa tradisional, serta perubahan pada kehidupan sosial desa.

Bali Province has suffered from farm land conversion for over 4,151 h/acres during 2000 to 2002. This phenomenon, which includes farm land conversion and irrigation diversion were triggered not only by urban dynamics, but also huge demand from tourism affairs. Lost of farm lands has endangered the long-known tradition of land management called subak. Subak which has been acknowledged as a cultural heritage by UNESCO includes traditionally-run irrigation system and farm land contour management, rooted in ancient Balinese tradition of Hinduism. The research was conducted by land sampling in Ubud subdistrict, in Gianyar district. Main ground in selecting this area is that Ubud's reputation as a village of culture and art, known as the most important tourism origin and destination for artists. By using qualitative-descriptive methodology, this paper tries to deduce what triggered and what will happen in Ubud's Subak in the future amid fight against modernism. Data collected by in-depth interview and observation in the area, combined with purpose sampling and snowball-sampling techniques. Data analysis tries to address the main problem, which is farm land conversion, main factors that triggered it, and its effect on traditional land system of the village. This results that farm lands in southern area of the city have suffered worst from lqnd conversion, as a consequences for being tourism main attraction. Land's location, price, and soft local regulation have become the main factors for lands to be converted for commercial use. The outcome for subak, as found, is mostly in socio-religious aspects of the residents, economic preference, and shifts in local traditions. Additionally, Ubud has also suffered from gentrification problems, density, and unfair spatial planning. The traditional concept of farming and building has eroded badly as well as lives of the villagers.

Kata Kunci : Alih fungsi lahan, subak, organisasi tradisional, tata ruang tradisional, Ubud, Bali