PAJANAN RADIASI GELOMBANG ELEKTROMAGNETIK RADIOFREKUENSI TELEPON SELULER TERHADAP KUALITAS DAN FUNGSIONALITAS SPERMATOZOA MANUSIA Kajian in vitro Konsentrasi, Motilitas, Morfologi, Apoptosis, Kalsium Intraseluler dan Ekspresi Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Spermatozoa

ISNA QADRIJATI, Prof.dr.Sri Kadarsih Soejono, M.Sc.,Ph.D; Prof. dr. Muhammad Anwar, Sp.OG.,M.Med.Sc.;8. Dr. Muhammad Gufron, MS

2016 | Disertasi | S3 Kedokteran Umum

Pendahuluan.Telepon selular (ponsel) adalah bagian penting dalam kehidupan manusia modern, dan diperlukan penelitian untuk mengevaluasi konsekuensi dari meningkatnya penggunaan smartphone. Tujuan Penelitian.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan dampak pajanan radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik radiofrekuensi ponsel terhadap perubahan kualitas dan fungsionalitas spermatozoa dan untuk mengetahui mekanisme adanya hambatan ekspresi Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel (VGCC)spermatozoasebagai perubahan pada tingkat molekuler akibat pajanan radiasi ponsel yang menyebabkan infertilitas pada pria. Metode.Jenis penelitian adalah Eksperimental laboratorik dengan rancangan pre-post test controlled group design.Subyek penelitian adalah spermatozoa manusia dengan kualitas sesuai kriteria WHO (1999). Variabel bebas adalah pajanan radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik radiofrekuensi ponsel diukur dengan electromagnetic radiation detection, variabel terikat adalah kualitas (konsentrasi, motilitas, morfologi)spermatozoa diperiksa secara konvensional sesuai panduan WHO (1999), dan fungsionalitas spermatozoa berupa apoptosisdan Ca intraseluler dengan flowcytometry serta ekspresi Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel(VGCC) diperiksa secara immunocytochemistry Data hasil pemeriksaan diuji menggunakan analisis Kruskall-Wallis dan uji post hoc dengan Mann Whitney serta Pearson correlation test untuk mengetahui kekuatan hubungan dua variabel. Hasil. Penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa semakin lama (1 jam dan 2 jam) serta besar pajanan (SAR 2 W/kg dan 5.7 W/kg) radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik radiofrekuensi ponsel, semakin rendah kualitasspermatozoa yaitu konsentrasi spermatozoa (p<0.05), motilitas (p<0.05), morfologi (p<0.05) dan fungsionalitasspermatozoa yaitu apoptosis (p<0.05), jumlah kalsium intraseluler (p<0.05) dibanding kelompok kontrol. Ada hubungan antara ekspresi Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel (VGCC) pada spermatozoa dengan kualitas spermatozoa (konsentrasi spermatozoa p=0.003; r=0.361; motilitas B p=0.000; r=0.664; motilitas D p=0.000, r= -0.660; morfologi normal p=0.000; r=0.634; morfologi kelainan ekor p=0.008, r= -0.324 ) dan fungsionalitas spermatozoa (apoptosis p=0.039; r=0.257) setelah terpajanradiasi gelombang elektromagnetik radiofrekuensi ponsel. Simpulan dan Saran. Semakin lama (akut dan kronik) dan besar pajanan (SAR 2 W/kg dan 5.7 W/kg) radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik radiofrekuensi ponsel, semakin rendah kualitas (konsentrasi, motilitas, morfologi) dan fungsionalitas (apoptosis, jumlah kalsium intraseluler) spermatozoa manusia.Semakin sedikit ekspresi VGCC di dapat berarti semakin sedikit kanal kalsium yang bersifat terbuka, sehingga semakin rendah kualitas dan fungsionalitas spermatozoa. Pajanan radiasi ponselmempengaruhi ekspresiVoltage-Gated Calcium Channel (VGCC) pada spermatozoa. Dampak radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik radiofrekuensi ponsel dapat dicegah.

Background. Cell phone is an essential part of every human modern life, and research is needed to evaluate the consequences of the increasing use of smartphones. Research Objective. This study aims to reveal the impact of radiofrequency electromagnetic wave radiation exposure of cell phones on the changes the quality and functionalities of spermatozoa and to determine the mechanism of the barriers to the expression of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel (VGCC) spermatozoa as changes at the molecular level due to exposure to cell phone radiation which results in infertility in men. Research Methodology. The type of this research design is the laboratoric experimental pre - post test controlled group design. The subjects of the research is the quality of sperm according to WHO (1999) criteria. The independent variable was exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic waves mobile phone radiation measured with an electromagnetic radiation detection. The dependent variable is the quality (concentration, motility, morphology) of spermatozoa conventionally examined according to WHO guidelines (1999), and functionality of spermatozoa in the form of expression of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel (VGCC) examined by immunocytochemistry and apoptosis and intracellular Ca2+measured with flowcytometry. Data were analyzed using Kruskall Wallis and post hoc with Mann Whitney and Pearson correlation tests. Results. This study suggests that the longer (1 hour and 2 hours) and large exposures (SAR 2 W / kg and 5.7 W / kg ) radiation is electromagnetic wave radiofrequency cell phone, the lower the quality of the sperm is sperm concentration (p <0.05), motility (p <0.05), morphology (p <0.05) and the functionality of spermatozoa that apoptosis (p <0.05), the amount of intracellular calcium (p <0.05) than the control group. There is a relationship between the expression of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel (VGCC) on spermatozoa with the quality of spermatozoa (concentration spermatozoa p = 0.003; r = 0.361; motility B p = 0.000; r = 0664; motility D p = 0.000, r = -0660; morphology normal p= 0.000; r = 0634; morphological abnormalities tailed p = 0.008, r = -0324) and the functionality of spermatozoa (apoptosis p = 0.039; r = 0257) following exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation of cell phones. Conclusion and Suggestion. The longer (acute and chronic) and large exposures (SAR 2 W / kg and 5.7 W / kg) of cell phone radiofrequency is electromagnetic wave radiation, the lower the quality (concentration, motility, morphology) and functionality (apoptosis, the amount of intracellular calcium)of human spermatozoa. The less expressionin the VGCC can mean less calcium channels that are open, so the lower the quality and functionality of spermatozoa. Exposure to cell phone radiation affects the expression of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel (VGCC) on spermatozoa.The impact of cell phone radiofrequency electromagnetic wave radiation can be prevented.

Kata Kunci : in vitro, cell phone radiation, quality, functionality, human sperm.