VARIASI GENETIK PERMUDAAN ALAM CENDANA (Santalum album L.) DI BOTODAYAKAN, RONGKOP, GUNUNGKIDUL, YOGYAKARTA

ANDI NUGROHO, Dr. Sapto Indrioko, S.Hut., M.P.; Yeni Widyana N.R., S.Hut., M.Sc.

2016 | Skripsi | S1 KEHUTANAN

Cendana masih menjadi komoditas perdagangan penting disebabkan kandungan santalol pada kayu terasnya. Cendana memiliki peran penting dalam industri kerajinan, kosmetik, farmasi, dan bahkan pewarna. Pemanfaatan cendana terdahulu banyak berasal dari populasi alam sehingga jumlahnya terus menurun. Kerusakan habitat menyebabkan penurunan variasi genetik dan percepatan resiko kepunahan. Pada kondisi di luar habitat alaminya, cendana ada yang ditemukan tumbuh dengan baik dan mampu beregenerasi di kawasan Gunungkidul, salah satunya di Desa Botodayakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat variasi genetik permudaan alam cendana dan pola pewarisan genetik cendana dari induk kepada keturunannya. Metode penelitian dibagi menjadi tujuh tahap selama Januari sampai April 2015, yaitu: (1) Pemetaan kelompok cendana menggunakan GPS Map Garmin 70cs dan aplikasi Arc GIS 10.1, (2) Inventarisasi potensi jumlah cendana dengan membagi menjadi fase semai, juvenil, dan reproduktif sesuai metode Applegate dkk. dan Warburton dkk., (3) Pengambilan sampel daun untuk analisis isoenzim, (4) Analisis isoenzim mengikuti metode David-Ornstein dengan menggunakan tiga sistem enzim terhadap enam lokus (Shd-1, Dia-1, Dia-2, Est-1, Est-2, Est-3), (5) Analisis parameter variasi genetik (PLP, A/L, v, He, Ho, Fis), (6) Pengamatan individu reproduktif yang mampu menghasilkan bunga dan buah serta pengambilan buah masak, dan (7) Uji viabilitas biji sesuai metode Copeland. Variasi genetik permudaan alam cendana di Botodayakan, Rongkop, teramati berkategori tinggi. Parameter keragaman genetik antar lokasi berkisar sebesar PLP = 66,67-83,33 %; A/L = 2,00-2,17; v = 1,57-1,77; Ho = 0,342-0,408; He = 0,290-0,355; Fis = -0,149-(-0,109) sedangkan antar generasi berkisar sebesar PLP = 66,67-83,33 %; A/L = 2,00-2,17; v = 1,57-1,72; Ho = 0,302-0,429; He = 0,282-0,326; Fis = -0,254-(-0,045). Kedua kelompok cendana masih mengalami gene flow. Struktur distribusi alel-alel di dalam lokus-lokus pada kelompok cendana dengan jumlah individu lebih banyak teramati lebih merata dibandingkan dengan kelompok berindividu lebih sedikit. Alel-alel diwariskan dengan baik pada lokus Shd-1 dan Est-3. Pada lokus Est-1, Est-2, Dia-1, dan Dia-2, alel-alel dengan status langka maupun hilang cukup banyak dijumpai. Sistem perkawinan cenderung assortative.

Sandalwood is an important trade commodity because of santalol in its heart wood. Sandalwood has a crucial role in many industries such as crafts, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and even dyes. The over exploitation and habitat destruction of sandalwood in its natural population has increased the risk of genetic variation lost and extinction. Outside their natural habitat, sandalwood grows well and is able to regenerate in Gunungkidul District, one of them in the Botodayakan Village. This research aims to determine the level of genetic variation on natural regeneration of sandalwood and its genetic inheritance pattern from parents to offsprings. Methods were divided into seven phases from January until April 2015: (1) Sandalwood group mapping used GPS Map Garmin 70cs and Arc GIS 10.1 applications, (2) Potential number inventory by dividing into sandalwood seedlings, juveniles, and reproductives phases following to Applegate et al. and Warburton et al. methods, (3) leaf sampling for analysis of isoenzymes, (4) Analysis of isoenzymes following to David-Ornstein method using three enzyme systems of six loci (Shd-1, Dia-1, Dia-2, Est-1, Est-2, Est-3), (5) Analysis of genetic variation parameters (PPL, A/L, v, He, Ho, Fis), (6) Observation of reproductive individuals capable to flowering and fruiting also ripe fruit harvesting, and the last (7) seed vability testing following to Copeland method. High category of genetic variation was observed on natural regeneration of sandalwood grown at Botodayakan, Rongkop. Between sites genetic diversity parameters ranged at PPL = 66.67 to 83.33 %; A/L = 2.00 to 2.17; v = 1.57 to 1.77; Ho = 0.342 to 0.408; He = 0.290 to 0.355; Fis = -0,149 to -0,109 while between generations ranged at PPL = 66.67 to 83.33 %; A/L = 2.00 to 2.17; v = 1.57 to 1.72; Ho = 0.302 to 0.429; He = 0.282 to 0.326; Fis = -0,254 to -0,045. Both of two sandalwood groups are still getting gene flow. Distribution structure of alleles at loci on more number of individuals sandalwood group is more even than in less number. Alleles were good inherited at Shd-1 and Est-3 loci. At Est-1, Est-2, Dia-1, and Dia-2 loci, alleles with rare or missing status quite often to be found. The population tends to have assortative mating systems

Kata Kunci : Santalum album, permudaan alam, variasi genetik, pola pewarisan genetik, cendana