Responsibility to Protect (R2P): Solusi atau Polusi? Telaah Kritis Instrumen Penegakan Human Security Versi Mazhab Kanada

NURUDDIN AL AKBAR, Dra. ratnawati, SU

2016 | Tesis | S2 Politik dan Pemerintahan

Studi ini berupaya mempertanyakan klaim netralitas yang diusung oleh gagasan human security. Human security secara mainstream dipersepsikan sebagai gagasan yang mulia karena menempatkan manusia (individu) sebagai referent object (obyek harus dilindungi dari ancaman kemanan). Studi ini berupaya mengkritisi wacana mainstream dengan menyatakan ada masalah serius ketika memindahkan referent object pada manusia. Di level global, perubahan ini berkonsekuensi merubah tananan pergaulan internasional, dikarenakan konsep human security secara otomatis memindah aktor yang paling bertanggung jawab terhadap keamanan manusia bukan lagi berada pada negara bangsa tetapi komunitas internasional akibat redefinisi konsep kedaulatan negara bangsa (prinsip non intervensi). Padahal pergaulan internasional sendiri ditandai dengan ketidaksetaraan. Ada negara yang lebih memiliki power dibandingkan dengan yang lain. Eksistensi human security justru melapangkan jalan negara yang memiliki power untuk mengatur dunia sesuai selera mereka, berkedok perlindungan terhadap keamanan manusia global (inilah hakikat Biopower). Pengaturan dunia oleh negara yang memiliki power tersebut dimungkinkan dengan menciptakan instumentasi penegakan human security sebagai pijakan intervensi mereka di berbagai wilayah dunia. Instrumentasi penegakan human security yang menjadi pokok bahasan pada studi ini ialah Responsibility to Protect (R2P), yang dianggap sebagai wujud paling nyata gagasan Human Security di era kontemporer. R2P sendiri merupakan instumentasi penegakan Human Secuity khas mazhab freedom from fear (mazhab Kanada). Studi ini secara khusus menyoroti sejumlah wilayah negara bangsa yang menjadi target penerapan R2P untuk menyingkap sisi kelam operasi R2P tersebut di lapangan. Negara yang dipilih ialah Balkan (Kosovo), Indonesia/Timor Leste, dan Libya. Pilihan didasarkan pada kenyataan unik pada masing-masing kasus yang mempengaruhi proses evolusi R2P hingga mencapai bentuknya saat ini/kontemporer. Walaupun dibalut keunikan yang beragam, semua kasus tersebut memiliki benang merah dimana terbukti R2P tidak mampu menjamin keamanan manusia di wilayah operasinya. Hal ini dikarenakan prioritas misi R2P ialah terjuwudnya kepentingan negara-negara yang memiliki power. Kepentingan lain seperti keamanan manusia yang seharusnya menjadi sental dalam misi R2P justru dinomorduakan. Dengan kata lain R2P hakikatnya bukan instrumen perlindungan keamanan manusia global tetapi justru teknologi kuasa biopower guna mewujudkan ambisi format dunia sesuai imaji negara yang memiliki power lebih dalam pergaulan internasional.

This study aims to maintain neutrality claim brought by the idea of human security. Human security is a mainstream perceived as a noble idea, since it puts the human (individual) as the referent object (the object to be protected from security threats). This study criticized the mainstream discourse by stating a serious problem occurred when moving the referent object on human. In the global level, these changes may change international association order. It is because the concept of human security automatically switches the actors�¢ï¿½ï¿½the most responsible for human security�¢ï¿½ï¿½is no longer hold by the country nation but the international community as a result of the redefinition of the concept of the sovereignty of the nation (principle of non-intervention). However, the international arena is marked by inequality. There are countries that have more power than other countries. Moreover, human security gives paved to powerful state to organize the world according to their desire, is the under meaning of protection of global human security (this is the essence of Biopower). The world setting that was done by a super power country is possibly made by creating instruments enforcement of human security as the basis of their intervention in the various regions of the world. The main subject of human security instrumentation enforcement in this study is the Responsibility to Protect (R2P), which is considered as the most tangible manifestation of the idea of Human Security in the contemporary era. R2P, further, is an instrument enforcement of Human Security which comes from freedom from fear school (School of Canada). This study specifically highlights a number of areas of the nation which is as the target of R2P application to expose the dark side of the R2P operations in the real field. The selected country is the Balkans (Kosovo), Indonesia/Timor-Leste, and Libya. The selection areas were based on the unique fact in each case that affects the evolution of R2P until reaching its current form. Although R2P is wrapped uniqueness of the diverse, all these cases have a common thread which proved R2P is not able to guarantee human security in its area operation. This is because the priority mission of R2P is realizing interests of those super power countries. Another interests such as human security is supposed to be the central mission of R2P, but in fact it is not. In other words R2P is essentially not global human security protections instrument but it just the power of biopower technologies in order to realize the interests of the world according to supper power countries�¢ï¿½ï¿½ desires.

Kata Kunci : Human Security, Responsibility to Protect (R2P), Kanada, Biopower, Kuasa/pengetahuan