Environmental Governance in Response to Beijing Water Scarcity under Hu Jintao's Administration (2002-2012)

SINTA RIZKIA UTAMI, Dr. Maharani Hapsari, MA.

2016 | Skripsi | S1 ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

Persediaan air di Beijing kini hanya setengah dari dua puluh tahun yang lalu, hal ini disebabkan oleh aktivitas manusia seperti pertanian dan industrialisasi, meskipun letak geografis Beijing yang cenderung tidak memiliki banyak sumber air. Menariknya, tanpa mengamati sungai-sungai di Beijing yang mulai kering, tak banyak yang mengira bahwa kota ini mengalami kelangkaan air absolut menurut standar Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa karena sebagian besar penduduk Beijing tidak pernah mengalami kesulitan berarti dalam mengakses air. Environmental governance telah berdampak baik dalam kasus ini. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk membahas tindakan yang telah dilakukan oleh aktor-aktor terkait dalam kerangka environmental governance yang berkembang pada masa Hu Jintao berdasarkan konsep Pengembangan Ilmiah yang ia perkenalkan. Environmental governance modern diilustrasikan oleh sebuah segitiga yang menghubungkan negara, masyarakat sipil, dan sektor swasta dimana kolaborasi antaraktor kerap terjadi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan kendati adanya karakteristik otoriter Pemerintah Tiongkok dan negara tetap memegang peranan paling penting pada isu ini, meningkatnya partisipasi aktor non-negara telah berkontribusi secara efisien terhadap usaha-usaha dalam menanggulangi kelangkaan air di Beijing.

Water supply in Beijing has gone half since the past twenty years due to human activities like agriculture and industrialization, although its geographical condition does not give the city abundant water. Interestingly, without noticing that rivers in Beijing are getting drier, one might not be able to tell that Beijings water supply is below the United Nations absolute water scarcity threshold as most residents never had any significant difficulties in accessing water. Environmental governance in Beijing has impacted positively in this case. Furthermore, this research would like to examine the measures done by involved actors within the environmental governance framework that was assumed to be developed during Hu Jintao era due to his idea of Scientific Development. Modern environmental governance is illustrated by a triangle connecting state, civil society, and private sector where collaborations among the sides occur. This research would like to show that in spite of the authoritarian characteristic of the Government of China and that the state remains paramount in this issue, increased participation of non-state actors have been efficiently contributive towards the attempt to solve Beijing water scarcity.

Kata Kunci : environmental governance, water scarcity, government, non-state actors, co-management, public-private partnerships, private-social partnerships.