Fungsi Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara Dalam Memberikan Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pencari Keadilan (Studi Pengujian Ijin Pemanfaatan Hutan)

FRANCISCA ROMANA HARJIYATNI, Prof. Dr. Muchsan, SH; Prof. Dr. Nurhasan Ismail, S.H., M.Si

2016 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Hukum

Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara (PTUN) dibentuk dengan tujuan untuk memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi rakyat yang dirugikan oleh Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara (KTUN) yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah. Perlindungan hukum dalam disertasi ini dimaknai sebagai perlindungan hukum terhadap hak-hak perseorangan tanpa mengabaikan hak-hak masyarakat. Perlindungan hukum yang diberikan oleh PTUN dalam sengketa izin pemanfaatan hutan tidak semata-mata perlindungan bagi pencari keadilan, akan tetapi meliputi perlindungan terhadap kelestarian maupun masyarakat yang tinggal di sekitar hutan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji fungsi PTUN dalam memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi pencari keadilan yang obyek sengketanya izin pemanfaatan hutan. Penelitian ini mempunyai tujuan : 1) mendeskripsikan fungsi peradilan tata usaha negara dalam memberikan perlindungan hukum terhadap pencari keadilan yang obyek sengketanya izin pemanfaatan hutan; 2) menganalisis kendala substansi hukum dan kelembagaan hukum PTUN yang menyebabkan PTUN belum mampu memberikan perlindungan kepada pencari keadilan; 3) menyusun konsep yang merupakan langkah hukum pembaharuan fungsi PTUN yang mampu memberikan perlindungan hukum yang optimal bagi rakyat di bidang pemanfaatan hutan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif, yang bahan utamanya adalah data sekunder yang meliputi bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier, dengan didukung oleh data yang diperoleh dari wawancara terhadap sejumlah responden dan narasumber. Responden meliputi 2 orang Hakim Pengadilan TUN Jakarta, 2 orang Hakim Pengadilan TUN Palangkaraya, 2 orang Hakim Pengadilan Tinggi TUN Jakarta, 2 orang Hakim Agung TUN, 2 orang pencari keadilan. Narasumber meliputi 2 orang akademisi, 2 orang Pejabat TUN, 2 orang advokat, 1 orang Anggota DPR RI. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : 1) Pelaksanaan fungsi PTUN belum mampu memberikan perlindungan hukum yang optimal bagi pencari keadilan baik dari aspek keadilan substansial maupun keadilan prosedural; 2) Terdapat kendala dalam pelaksanaan fungsi PTUN sehingga PTUN belum mampu memberikan perlindungan hukum yang optimal bagi pencari keadilan, yaitu kendala substansi hukum yang meliputi kendala peraturan perundang-undangan, kendala sinkronisasi peraturan perundang-undangan, kendala pelaksana hukum, dan kendala kelembagaan hukum; 3) langkah hukum untuk mengatasi kendala substansi hukum yang meliputi penambahan kewenangan untuk merevisi KTUN, menjadikan asas pembangunan berkelanjutan sebagai alat uji bagi hakim, membuat petunjuk teknis bagi PTUN dalam menerapkan ketentuan mengenai pelaksanaan putusan PTUN, sedangkan langkah hukum untuk mengatasi kendala pelaksana hukum adalah mengangkat hakim ad hoc dalam sengketa yang berkaitan dengan pemanfaatan hutan.

Administrative Court is established to provide legal protection for people who are harmed by administrative decision issued by the government. The legal protection intended here is the legal protection of individual rights without ignoring the rights of the community. In the case of the object of dispute in the form of forest utilization license, the legal protection provided by the administrative court is not solely for the justice seeker, but also includes the preservation and protection of the communities living around the forest. This study was conducted to assess the function of the administrative court in providing legal protection for justice seekers with forest utilization licence as the object of dispute. This research was conducted for several purposes : 1) to describe the function of administrative court in providing legal protection for the justice seekers with forest utilization licence as the object of dispute; 2) to analyze the constraints of the legal substance and legal institution of the administrative court leading to the administrative court leading to the administrative court's inability to provide protection to the justice seekers; 3) to draft law as measures in renewing the administrative court's function so that it is capable to provide an optimal legal protection for people in the field of forest utilization. This research is a research on normative law whose main materials is secondary data which includes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The study is also supported by primary data obtained from interviews with a number of respondents and informants. The respondents consist of two judges of the Jakarta Administrative Court, two judges of the Palangkaraya Administrative Court, two judges of the Jakarta Administrative Court of Appeal, two judges of Supreme Court, and two justice seekers. The informants include two academia, two Officials of Administrative Authority, two attorneys, and one member of the House of Reprensentative of the Republic of Indonesia. The results showed that: 1) The function of the Administrative Court has not been able to provide optimal legal protection for justice seekers both from the aspect of substantial justice and procedural justice; 2) There are constraints in the implementation of the administrative court's function so that the Administrative Court has not been able to provide optimal legal protection for justice seekers. The constraints of the legal substance include the constraints of legislation, synchronization and harmonization constraints of legislation, legal executor constraints, and institutional constraints of the law; 3) there are legal measures to overcome the constraints of legal substance, such as additional authority of the judges to revise administrative decision, making the principle of sustainable development as a test tool for judges, creating technical guidelines for the administrative court in applying the provisions on the implementation of the decision of the administrative court. Meanwhile the legal measures to overcome the constraint of law executor is by recruiting ad hoc judges in disputes relating to the use of forests.

Kata Kunci : Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara, Perlindungan Hukum, Izin Pemanfaatan Hutan