KOMPETENSI VEKTORAL DAN POLIMORFISME GENETIK Anopheles spp (DIPTERA: ANOPHELINAE) DI DAERAH ENDEMIS MALARIA DI KECAMATAN KOKAP KABUPATEN KULON PROGO

ANDIYATU, Dr. R.C. Hidayat Soesilohadi, M.S.; Dr. Niken Satuti Nur Handayani, M.Sc.; Prof. Sukarti Moeljopawiro, Ph.D.

2015 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Biologi

Perbedaan endemisitas malaria di daerah endemis tinggi (Hargotirto) dan daerah endemis rendah (Hargomulyo) dalam kecamatan yang sama, Kecamatan Kokap Kabupaten Kulon Progo, memunculkan pertanyaan apakah perbedaan endemisitas di kedua desa tersebut terkait dengan karakteristik populasi anggota Genus Anopheles di wilayah setempat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui karakteristik populasi anggota Genus Anopheles di kedua desa tersebut dalam hal: (1) kompetensi vektoral, (2) infektifitas, (3) kelimpahan nisbi, (4) struktur atau rentang umur, (5) perilaku antropofilik, dan (6) tingkat polimorfisme genetik. Subjek penelitian adalah Anopheles sp yang dinyatakan sebagai (suspect) vektor malaria pada penelitian sebelumnya (An. vagus, An. maculatus, An. balabacensis dan An. aconitus). Sampel nyamuk dikumpulkan secara serempak di kedua desa, masing-masing lima kali selama Oktober sampai Desember 2013, dengan interval 2 minggu. Pengambilan sampel nyamuk menggunakan aspirator mekanis dan metoda resting collection. Di setiap desa dilaksanakan penangkapan nyamuk di tiga rumah oleh dua orang penangkap per rumah, yaitu satu di dalam dan satu di luar rumah. Setiap kali pengambilan sampel dilakukan penangkapan nyamuk sebanyak 12 kali, dengan lama waktu penangkapan 50 menit per jam, dimulai pukul 18.00 sampai 06.00. Nyamuk hasil koleksi di lapangan dilakukan pemeriksaan: (1) identifikasi spesies, (2) status abdomen, dan (3) status paritas. Tiga jenis pemeriksaan laboratorium dilakukan pada An. maculatus, An. balabacensis, An. aconitus dan An. vagus yang memenuhi kriteria sampel (parous, fully fed atau half gravid), yaitu: (1) Multiplex-Polymerase Chain Reaction/PCR untuk deteksi sporozoit Plasmodium sp pada nyamuk parous, (2) Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR untuk identifikasi polimorfisme genetik pada nyamuk parous, dan (3) Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) untuk identifikasi darah manusia di abdomen nyamuk fully fed atau half gravid. Analisis hasil pemeriksaan di lapangan dan di laboratorium menunjukkan ada perbedaan karakteristik populasi anggota Genus Anopheles di kedua desa, yang ditunjukkan anggota Genus Anopheles sp di desa endemis malaria tinggi memiliki proporsi yang lebih tinggi pada semua variabel, kecuali tingkat polimorfisme genetik. Indeks Polimorfisme genetik intra populasi Anopheles sp relatif sama tinggi (kurang dari 90%), tetapi Indeks Similaritas inter populasi rendah (< 70%). Dengan demikian disimpulkan endemisitas malaria yang lebih tinggi di daerah endemis tinggi di Kecamatan Kokap terkait dengan kompetensi vektoral, infektifitas, kelimpahan, struktur umur, dan sifat antropofilik yang lebih tinggi pada populasi Anopheles sp di wilayah setempat.

Malaria endemicity differences between a high endemic village (Hargotirto) and a low endemic village (Hargomulyo) in the same sub-district, the Kokap Sub-district of the Kulon Progo District, raises the question whether or not it is related to differences in the local Genus Anopheles member population. The purpose of the study was to investigate the Anopheles spp population characteristics in the two villages, regard to: (1) vectoral competence, (2) infectivity, (3) relative abundance, (4) structure or life span, (5) anthrophilic behavior; and, (6) genetic diversity of the Genus Anopheles member population. The research subjects were Anopheles sp that were regarded as (suspect) competent vectors in preceding studies (An. vagus, An. maculatus, An. balabacensis dan An. aconitus). Mosquito samples were concurrently collected five times (in two-week intervals) in the two villages during October-December 2013 by using a mechanical aspirator and the resting collection method. In each village the collection was conducted in three houses by two collectors for each house (one inside and one outside). Each mosquito collection was carried out in twelve sessions (50 minutes each) from 18.00 pm to 06.00 am. The research subjects were identified according to the guidelines of O Connor & Soepanto (1999). Three types of laboratory tests were performed on An. maculatus, An. balabacensis, An. aconitus and An. vagus that met the sample inclusion criteria (female parous, and fully fed or half gravid): (1) Multiplex-Polymerase Chain Reaction/PCR for Plasmodium sp sporozoit detection in parous mosquitoes; (2) Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR for genetic polymorphism identification in parous mosquitoes; and, (3) Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for human blood identification in the abdomen of fully fed or half gravid mosquitoes. Analyses of field and laboratory findings showed noticeable differences in the Genus Anopheles member population characteristics of the two villages. With the exception of the genetic polymorphism level, the high endemic village indicated higher proportions on all variables. The Anopheles sp intra population genetic Polymorphism Indeces were equally relatively high in both villages (smaller than 90%), but with a low inter population Similarity Index. It was, therefore, concluded that the higher malaria endemicity in the high endemic area of the Kokap Sub-District was related to the higher vectoral competence, infectivity, relative abundance, age structure, and anthrophilic behavior in the local Anopheles sp population.

Kata Kunci : Anopheles spp, kompetensi vektoral, infektivitas, endemisitas, polimorfisme genetik/Anopheles spp, vectoral competence, infectivity, endemicity, genetic polymorphism