Keragaman dan Klasifikasi Intraspesies Ganyong (Canna indica L.) di Pulau Jawa Berdasarkan Karakter Morfologis dan Molekular

NOVITA SARI, Dr. Purnomo, M.S.; Dr. Budi Setiadi Daryono, M.Agr.Sc.

2015 | Tesis | S2 Biologi

Ganyong (Canna indica L.) merupakan herba asli Amerika Selatan yang banyak dimanfaatkan rimpangnya dan di Indonesia pemanfaatannya belum maksimal. Karakterisasi morfologis dan molekular diperlukan untuk mendapatkan informasi karakter Canna indica untuk keragaman genetik yang dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan varietas Canna indica. Di Indonesia khususnya Pulau Jawa penelitian tanaman ganyong masih kurang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat keragaman dan hubungan fenetik ganyong di Pulau Jawa berdasarkan pada karakter morfologis dan molekular menggunakan analisis RAPD. Sampel ganyong diambil dari Balai Besar Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik (BB-Biogen). Data karakter morfologis kualitatif dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk karakterisasi dan mendapatkan kunci identifikasi. Data hasil karakterisasi diberikan skor berjenjang. Data skor multistate distandarisasi untuk mendapatkan data biner. Data karakter molekular dianalisis menggunakan RAPD dengan primer OPA-01, OPA-02, OPA-10, OPD-02, dan OPN-05. Berdasarkan data karakter morfologis dan molekular dilakukan penghitungan indeks similaritas untuk analisis pengelompokan dan pembuatan dendogram yang menggambarkan keragaman dan klasifikasi antar aksesi ganyong dengan metode Unweighted Pair Group Methods using Arithmetic averages (UPGMA) menggunakan software Multivariate Statistical Program (MVSP) v.3.1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Canna indica memiliki keragaman morfologis pada warna tunas, pelepah, daun, bunga, dan buah. Berdasarkan karakter morfologis dan molekular didapatkan dendogram yang membagi Canna indica menjadi 2 kelompok besar, Canna indica grup kultivar hijau dan merah, grup kultivar hijau terbagi menjadi subgrup kultivar hijau danhijau keunguan, sedangkan grup kultivar merah terbagi menjadi sub-grup kultivar merah dan merah keunguan. Karakter morfologis dan molekular memiliki koherensi yang mendukung pengelompokan group kultivar.

Edible canna (Canna indica L.) is herbaceous plant originated from South America which its rhizome commonly used and its utillization not optimize in Indonesia. Morphological and molecular characterization are needed to determine characters of Canna indica for genetic variability to improve edible canna varieties. For that reason, the purpose of this research were to determine diversity and phenetic relationship of Canna indica based on morphological and molecular characters using RAPD analysis. Samples were collected from Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology Research and Development (BB-Biogen). Morphological characters data was analysed by description to construct identification key. Molecular characters data was analysed by RAPD analysis using OPA-01, OPA-02, OPA-10, OPD-02, and OPN-05 primers. Similarity index was counted by Gower General Similarity Coefficient formula based on morphological and molecular scoring. Cluster analysis was conducted by Unweighted Pair Group Methods using Arithmetic averages (UPGMA) method to create a dendogram. Principal component analysis (PCA) were also performed to defined role of each morphological characters in grouping of accessions with Multivariate Statistical Program (MVSP) v.3.1 software. The result show that Canna indica has morphological variation on colour of bud, petiole, leafs, flower, and fruits. Dendogram based on morphological and molecular characters divided Canna indica into two main cluster. There were the green and red cultivar group. The green cultivar group also divided into green and purplish-green based on colour of sheats, tip of bud, rachis inflorescence, petals, brachtea, and colour pattern of staminodia. Red cultivar divided into red and purplish-red based on colour of sheats, rachis inflorescence, and petals. There is coherence between morphological and molecular characters which supported grouping of cultivated group.

Kata Kunci : Canna indica, ganyong, hubungan fenetik, RAPD