HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN, KONDISI LINGKUNGAN, DAN SOSIAL EKONOMI DENGAN INFEKSI SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTH (STH) PADA ANAK USIA SEKOLAH DASAR DI KECAMATAN SALAHUTU DAN LEIHITU KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH PROVINSI MALUKU

MARTINUS V. NDONA, dr. E. Elsa Herdiana M, M.Kes., Ph.D; Yayuk Hatriyanti, SKM., M.Kes

2015 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kedokteran Tropis

Latar Belakang: Kecacingan tergolong dalam Neglected Infectious Disease (NIDs). Infeksi kecacingan terjadi di seluruh dunia dengan prevalensi tertinggi di daerah beriklim tropis yang memiliki kelembapan udara tinggi. Sebagian besar kasus yang menyerang anak usia prasekolah dan usia sekolah adalah golongan soil-transmitted helminth (STH), diantaranya Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura dan hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale dan Necator americanus). Pengetahuan kurang, kondisi lingkungan buruk dan sosial ekonomi rendah menjadi faktor resiko kejadian infeksi. Tujuan penelitian: Mengetahui prevalensi infeksi dan menganalisis hubungan pengetahuan, kondisi lingkungan dan sosial ekonomi terhadap kejadian infeksi, jenis infeksi, dan intensitas infeksi STH pada anak usia sekolah di kabupaten Maluku Tengah. Metode penelitian: Menggunakan rancang cross-sectional teknik purposive sampling. Sampel 170 murid SD kelas 4 dan 5 dari 3 SD di kabupaten Maluku Tengah. Pengumpulan data pada bulan Mei - Juni 2015. Subyek dan orangtua yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian diwawancara menggunakan panduan kuesioner. Sampel tinja dikumpulkan dan diidentifikasi jenis dan intensitas infeksi STH menggunakan metode Kato-Katz. Hasil penelitian: Prevalensi infeksi STH 99.4%, prevalensi T. trichiura 98.2%, A. lumbricoides 91.1% dan hookworm 58.6%. Jenis infeksi ganda 94.1%. Intensitas infeksi sedang A. lumbricoides 50.3%, T. trichiura 50,3% dan intensitas infeksi ringan hookworm 56.8%. Tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara pengetahuan tentang cara hidup bersih dan sehat, pengetahuan tentang kecacingan dan kondisi lingkungan dengan infeksi STH. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara sosial ekonomi dengan intensitas infeksi T. trichiura dengan nilai RP = 1.324, 95%CI: 1.020-1.718 dan p = 0.039. Hasil observasi lingkungan, banyak jamban tanpa septic tank, tinja dialirkan langsung ke pantai atau sungai. Kesimpulan: Tingginya prevalensi STH menunjukan bahwa infeksi kecacingan merupakan masalah kesehatan yang penting dan berbahaya, sehingga direkomendasikan pengobatan masal serta upaya pencegahan penularan, melalui pengendalian lingkungan dan peningkatan pengetahuan.

Background: Helminthiasis is classified in Neglected Infectious Diseases (NIDs). It occurs worldwide with the highest prevalence in the tropical area with high humidity. Most infection cases attacking childhood preschool and school age is a group of Soil-Transmitted Helminth (STH) including Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus). Lack of knowledge, poor sanitation and low of socio-economic are risk factors being infection. Objective: To determine the prevalence of infection and analyze the relationship between knowledge, environmental condition and socio-economic events agains infection, infection type, and intensity of STH infection in school age children in Central Maluku regency Methods: A cross-sectional study with purposive sampling technique. The sample of 170 4th and 5th grades primary school students of three primary schools in Central Maluku regency. Data collection in May-June 2015. The subject and parents meet the study criteria were interviewed using a questionnaires guide, Fecal samples were collected and identified the type and intensity of STH infection using the Kato-Katz method. Results: The prevalence of STH infections was 99.4%, the prevalence of T. trichiura was 98.2%, followed by A. lumbricoides 91.1% and hookworm 58.6%. Multi-infection was 94.1%. Moderate intensity of A. lumbricoides were 50.3%, T. trichiura 50.3% and light intensity of hookworm was 56.8%. No statistically significant associations between knowledge of hygiene and healthy life, knowledge of helminthiasis, and environmental condition with STH infections. There was a significant association between socio-economic and the intensity of T. trichiura infection with RP 1.324, 95% CI :1.020- 1.718 and p = 0.039. From environment observation, there were many latrines without the septic tank, stool flowed directly to the beach or river.. Conclusions: The high prevalence of STH indicates that worm infection is an important and dangerous health problem, recommended mass treatment and prevention of transmission through environmental controls and improving knowledge.

Kata Kunci : Soil-transmitted helminth, pengetahuan, lingkungan, sosial ekonomi, Maluku Tengah