TAKHAYUL MASYARAK KUASA MASYARAKAT KULIT PUTIH KAJIAN TEORI HEGEMONI KARYA CHARLES W. CHESNUTT PROGRAM UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA MASYARAKAT AFRO-AMERIKA MENAKLUKKAN DI SOUTHERN STATES TAHUN 1850-1870: ATAS NOVEL THE CONJURE WOMAN

ABDILLAH NUGROHO, DRS.,MHUM., Prof. Dr. Siti Chamamah Soeratno; Prof. Djuhertati Imam Muhni, M.A., P.hD

2015 | Disertasi | S3 Pengkajian Amerika

Penelitian disertasi ini menganalisis masalah takhayul masyarakat Afro- Amerika menaklukkan hegemoni masyarakat kulit putih di Southern States tahun 1850 1870. Lebih dalam lagi penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan latar belakang sosial dan budaya masyarakat Afro-Amerika pada kurun waktu tersebut, selanjutnya menelusuri sejarah paraktek praktek budaya hegemonik yang dilakukan masyarakat kulit putih terhadap masyarakat Afro-Amerika pada waktu tersebut serta menganalisis takhayul masyarakat Afro-Amerika menaklukkan hegemoni masyarakat kulit putih di Southern States. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian qualitatif dan deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode library research. Data penelitian berupa teks teks naskah novel The Conjure Woman serta naskah naskah yang terkait dengan sejarah dan budaya masyarakat kulit hitam dan kulit putih terutama yang terkait dengan budaya hegemoniknya. Data yang berupa teks dari novel The Conjure Woman dikaji dengan mengaplikasikan teori Sosiologi Sastra dari Laurenson dan Swingwood dan teori Hegemoni dari Antonio Gramsci untuk menganalisis praktek hegemoni orang kulit putih serta penaklukan (counter hegemony) masyarakat Afro-Amerika terhadap hegemoni masyarakat kulit putih. Dari hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan, pertama, akar sosial dan budaya takhayul masyarakat Afro-Amerika bersumber dari sistem keyakinan mereka yang disebut animisme dan pemujaan pada arwah nenek moyang (anchestor worship) yang berasal dari Afrika. Kedua, karakter imperialistik dan kapitalistik yang melekat pada masyarakat kulit putih mendorong mereka melakukan praktek budaya hegemonik terhadap masyarakat Afro-Amerika dalam sistem perbudakan. Ketiga, karya sastra yang berujud novel The Conjure Woman merupakan produk sosial dan budaya yang menyuarakan counter hegemony terhadap hegemoni masyarakat kulit putih di Southern States. Secara simbolik masyarakat Afro- Amerika menggunakan takhayul untuk menaklukkan hegemoni masyarakat kulit putih.

The dissertation was aimed at analysing superstition of Afro-American sosciety to qonquer the hegemony of the white people society in the Southern States in 1850 -1870. In deeper the objevtives of this resaerch were to examine the social , cultural and historical background of Afro American society and then to trace back practices of hegemonic culture done by the white people society towards the Afro-American society at that era and to analyse the way the Afro- American society qonquered the hegemony of the white people society in the Southern States. The resaerch belonged to qualitative and descritive one by applying the library research method. Data of the study were the texs of The Conjure Woman novel and also some materials concerning with the history and culture of the Afro-American people and the white peoples history and culture relating to their hegemonic culture. The texs of The Conjure Woman novel was examined by applying the theory of Sociology of Literature by Laourenson and Swingwood and theory of Hegemony by Antonio Gramsci to analyse the practices of hegemonic culture by the white people and to examine counter hegemony done by the Afro- American people to qonquer the hegemony of the white people society. The result of analysis concluded that firstly, the social and cultural root of Afro-American superstition was from their belief system called animism and anchestor worship from Africa. Secondly the imperalistic and capitalistic character of the white poeple pushed them to do the practices of hegemonic culture towards the Afro-Amrican society in the slavery system. Thirdly, literary work in the form of The Conjure Woman novel was a social and cultural product. As a social and cultural product, The Conjure Woman novel spoke about counter hegemony towards the hegemony of the white people in the Southren States. Symbolically the Afro-American socity made use of supertitous power to qonquer the hegemony of the white poeple.

Kata Kunci : perbudakan, takhayul, Afro-Amerika, Southern States, hegemony, counter hegemony