INTERMEDIARY FUNCTIONS IN COMMUNITY RESILIENCE: A STUDY OF NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS IN WINONGO RIVERSIDE DEVELOPMENT

FX. JOKO ARI CAHYONO, Julia Skinner, MSc, Prof. Dr. R. Rijanta, MSc

2015 | Tesis | S2 Perencanaan Kota dan Daerah

Penelitian ini menganalisa pengaruh program program Lembaga Nir Laba (LNL) dalam membangun komunitas tangguh di Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sebagai sebuah provinsi, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dideskripsikan sebagai tempat yang nyaman untuk tinggal dan memiliki tingkat harapan hidup tertinggi se Indonesia. Namun, Kota Yogyakarta terbebani oleh urbanisasi. Pada 2025, diperkirakan 78% penduduk akan tinggal di perkotaan; lebih tinggi dari rerata nasional (68%). Penduduk baru umumnya tinggal di daerah berdekatan dengan dua lokasi perekonomian utama yang juga berupa daerah bantaran sungai. Daerah bantaran sungai ini sangat rentan terhadap banjir, tanah longsor, dan penyakit. Tidak puas dengan pembangunan bantaran sungai ini, beberapa LNL mulai beraktivitas. Kelurahan Kricak dan Bener yang terletak di bantaran Sungai Winongo dipilih sebagai lokasi studi. Keduanya mengalami banjir besar setiap dua tahun and tanah longsor tahunan. Kedua kelurahan tersebut juga mempunyai masalah penduduk illegal. Beberapa LNL (sebagai bentuk terorganisisir kegiatan Sektor Ke-Tiga) mencoba mengatasi masalah komunitas ini dengan menyediakan fungsi intermediasi: peningkatan kapasitas dan advokasi. Namun, pada perjalanannya timbul masalah benturan agenda, program yang tidak terpadu, and kesalahpahaman budaya maupun social. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan fungsi intermediasi dari program-program LNL di Kelurahan Kricak dan Bener. Pertama, jenis-jenis program dijelaskan dan diikuti dengan tipe kerentanan yang dihadapi. Selanjutnya, dua pertanyaan dijawab: bagaimana pembangunan kapasitas mempengaruhi ketangguhan aktor dan bagaimana pelibatan sipil mempengaruhi ketangguhan institusi. Penelitian ini menggunakan strategi studi kasus tunggal untuk menjelaskan pengaruh fungsi intermadiasi terhadap ketangguhan komunitas. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuesioner, FGD, wawancara mendalam, dan pengumpulan data sekunder. FGD mengundang enam orang penerima manfaat dan tokoh masyarakat. 54 penduduk dari empat Rukun Warga di Kelurahan Kricak dan Bener mengisi kuesioner. Akhirnya, delapan tokoh masyarakat, pengurus LNL, aparat pemerintah diwawancara secara mendalam. Data-data kuantitatif dan kualitatif di atas dianalisa mendalam untuk memberikan triangulasi yang lebih baik dan teknik komputasi statistic dipakai jika perlu. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, secara umum, masyarakat tidak sepenuhnya rentan terhadap bencana alam maupun social. Jaringan jaminan social (JAMKESMAS dll) dan infrastruktur pencegah banjir sudah ada. Namun, usaha - usaha ini bersifat responsive saja. Permasalahan mendasar yaitu penyediaan perumahan, hubungan hulu-hilr sungai yang rumit, dan kesadaran hukum masyarakat yang rendah. Mencoba mengatasi masalah ini, LNL mencoba memanfaatkan potensi local menjadi peri kehidupan masyarakat dengan menggunakan kemampuan masyarakat untuk mengorganisasikan diri. Untuk masalah-masalah di luar masyarakat, LNL mencoba membangun kerjasama masyarakat pemerintah swasta dalam wacana masyarakat madani. Kombinasi dua aspek tak terpisahkan inilah yang menjadi inti fungsi intermediasi. Untuk mengelola pembangunan kapasitas, LNL membantu atau membentuk koperasi - koperasi. LNL mentarget penduduk yang rentan dan sekaligus berupaya mendidik anak - anak sebagai investasi jangka panjang sumber daya manusia. Analisa menunjukkan signifikansi yang tinggi (p=0,02 minimum bias tercapai) antara keaktifan penduduk di koperasi dengan kemampuan mereka melakukan mitigasi bencana. Akumulasi sumber daya social menjadi kunci di sini. Namun, penelitian ini juga menunjukkan LNL tidak mampu meningkatkan sumber daya keuangan masyarakat. Peranan wanita, meskipun sangat potensial, juga tidak secara efektif digunakan. Pada aspek pelibatan sipil, LNL berupaya mengkombinasikan kampanye langsung dan media masa untuk mempengaruhi hubungan antar pemangku kepentingan. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat yang terlibat langsung dalam upaya ini lebih mungkin untuk dilibatkan dalam proses pengambilan keputusan di tingkat kota (p=0,05). Satu factor luar, yaitu kemampuan dan kemauan pemerintah untuh merubah kebijakan, menjadi factor yang menentukan. Hal ini mempercepat pembentukan pemerintah yang adaptif, dimana pelibatan masyarakat sipil secara adil dan terpadu dapat terjadi. Penelitian ini diakhiri dengan menunjukkan kesimpulan - kesimpulan dan rekomendasi bagi masyarakat, LDL, dan pemerintah untuk meningkatkan fungsi intermediasi. Rekomendasi untuk penelitian lebih lanjut juga diberikan terutama pada pengaruh pasar terbuka dan kapitalisme terhadap fungsi koperasi.

This research analyzes the influences of Non Profit Organizations (NPOs) programs to community resilience in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. As a province, Yogyakarta Special Province was described as a warm and peaceful place to live; it has highest life expectancy in Indonesia. However, the municipality is burdened with urbanization. By 2025 it is projected that 78% population would live in cities, higher than national urbanization average (68%). The new population mostly reside in districts close to its two major economic centers in dense settlements along two riverbanks. Furthermore, the riverbanks were prone to flooding, landslide, and waterborne diseases. Unsatisfied with these riverbanks development, several NPOs had begun to emerge. Kricak and Bener sub-districts, which are located in Winongo riverbanks, were chosen due to above reasons. They suffered major floods every two years and experienced landslide annually. Both were facing squatter problem also. Several NPOs (as institutionalized Third Sectors) attempted to address community vulnerabilities by providing intermediary functions: capacity building and advocacy. As those NPOs operating, however, problems of conflicting agenda, un-synchronized programs, and socio cultural misunderstanding begun to surface. The goal of this research is to explain the intermediary functions programs to community resilience in Kricak and Bener sub-districts. Therefore, it first described the types of programs utilized by NPOs and subsequently the real vulnerability situation within study area. Next, two explanatory questions were tackled: how capacity development influences agents resilience and how civic engagement influences institutions resilience. This research employed single case study strategy to explain NPOs intermediary functions programs influence in building community resilience. A combination of focus group discussion, questionnaire, in-depth interview, and secondary data collection was used. FGD was done by inviting six beneficiaries and community leaders. Next, 54 NPOs beneficiaries within four neighborhoods within Bener and Kricak were asked to fill questionnaires. Finally, eight most knowledgeable people representing beneficiaries, NPOs activists, and government ranks were interviewed in depth. Both quantitative (questionnaire) and qualitative (interview and FGD) data was analyzed to provide triangulation; statistical analysis was used as seen fit. Research found that, in general, community in study area was not entirely vulnerable to both social and natural hazards. Social security and flood preventive structure were present. Those palliative measures, however, did not answer the root problems of housing provision, upper-downstream relation, and anthropological hazards. Addressing these problems, NPOs came to change local potential into livelihood assets by using its self-organization prospect. For problems outside their field, NPOs sought to engage state private community in civic discussion. The combination of these indivisible realms is the intermediary functions. To manage capacity development, NPOs exercised Third Sector co-production ability by creating or assisting cooperatives. NPOs targeted both vulnerable population and children as long-term investment. Analysis showed high significant (minimum p = 0.02 was obtained) between activeness in cooperatives with community member agency to engage in disaster mitigation. Social capital accumulation was the key here. Nonetheless, it had not been successful in increasing community financial resourcefulness. Woman involvement, though highly prospective, was also untapped effectively. In civic engagement realm, NPOs advocacy effort had combined direct campaign and media to create transformative and inclusive urban inter-actors negotiation. It was shown that community members who joined advocacy were more likely to be included in decision making process (minimum p = 0.05). It was showed also that one big external factor, namely government policy changes, was at play. It hastened adaptive governance creation, where more equal and comprehensive civil state relationship is exercised. Furthermore, this research acknowledged that power play was always in play: each stakeholder attempted to influence the others with financial prowess, again, proven decisive. This research concluded by giving some recommendation for NPOs intermediary functions improvement and several area for further researches, mainly in influence of capitalistic market to NPOs behaviors.

Kata Kunci : Non profit organizations, capacity building, advocacy, urban governance, community resilience, rights and entitlements