Contributions of Community Based Mangrove Management to the Community Perceived Livelihood Capitals

ERIKA HENDRA W, Leksono Probo Subanu; Veronica Olivotto

2015 | Tesis | S2 Perencanaan Kota dan Daerah

Masyarakat pesisir di Tugurejo-Semarang telah melakukan suatu bentuk adaptasi dengan memanfaatkan jasa lingkungan dari ekosistem mangrove untuk mengurangi kerentanan mereka terhadap dampak perubahan iklim. Namun perubahan iklim sangat berkaitan dengan tingkat ketidakpastian, ancaman dan resiko tidak dapat diprediksi. Sehingga diperlukan suatu bentuk kegiatan adaptasi perubahan iklim yang tidak hanya mampu merespon terhadap dampak yang dihadapi kini (reaksional) namun juga mampu mengurangi kerentanan melalui peningkatan kapasitas adaptasi dalam rangka mempersiapkan terhadap kemungkinan ancaman di masa yang akan datang (antisipasional). Maka, timbul pertanyaan mengenai peran pengelolaan mangrove berbasis masyarakat sebagai bentuk adaptasi perubahan iklim dalam menjawab tantangan di atas. Dengan dasar ini, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan hingga sejauh mana pengelolaan mangrove berbasis masyarakat di Tugurejo berperan dalam mengembangkan modal penghidupan masyarakat sebagai salah satu determinan kapasitas adaptasi masyarakat. Sebagai bentuk adaptasi berbasis ekosistem, kegiatan adaptasi di Tugurejo bertujuan untuk menggunakan jasa lingkungan ekosistem mangrove sebagai sarana beradaptasi, seperti: jasa perlindungan, penyediaan, perbaikan dan nilai. Pengelolaan mangrove berbasis masyarakat ini juga mengangkat nilai-nilai partisipasi dan penggunaan norma lokal. Partisipasi masyarakat diwujudkan dalam kewenangan penuh masyarakat dalam mengidentifikasi masalah dan menentukan solusinya. Norma lokal yang diangkat dalam kegiatan ini antara lain adalah pemilihan jenis tanaman dan inovasi lokal dalam pembuatan penahan ombak. Peran kegiatan ini terhadap pengembangan kapasitas adaptasi masyarakat dinilai berdasarkan dari manfaat yang dirasakan masyarakat pada modal penghidupan mereka. Pada modal manusia, pengetahuan dan keahlian yang didapat adalah dalam hal pengurangan bencana dan pengembangan diversifikasi mata pencaharian. Modal sosial masyarakat meningkat dalam hal dukungan masyarakat dan akses ke lembaga pemerintah. Modal fisik diperoleh dalam bentuk perlindungan terhadap abrasi dan banjir rob. Modal finansial masyarakat meningkat dalam hal peningkatan pendapatan utama sebagai nelayan dan petani tambak dan juga penghasilan tambahan yang diperoleh dari manfaat jasa lingkungan ekosistem mangrove. Pada modal alam, masyarakat dapat memanfaatkan hasil alam mangrove untuk kebutuhan mereka.

Coastal community in Tugurejo-Semarang have performed an adaptation measure which regards the use of mangrove ecosystem service to reduce their vulnerability to climate change impacts. However, climate change is dealing with high degree of uncertainty, threats and risks cannot be foreseen. Thus there is a necessity for an adaptation measure which should not only respond to the current impacts (reactionary) yet also reduce the vulnerability or increasing adaptive capacity in order to respond to possible future impacts (anticipatory). Therefore, there is a question about the efficacy of this mangrove based adaptation measure. For this reason, the research aims to explain to what extend does the community-based mangrove management in Tugurejo contributes the community livelihood capitals as the determinants of adaptive capacity. As an Ecosystem Based Adaptation, mangrove adaptation action in Tugurejo focuses on the use of ecosystem services as means to adapt, namely: protection service; provisional service; maintenance service; and value service. The integration of Community-based principles in the adaptation measure lies in the participatory process and the use of local norms. Participatory process gives the community the authority to identify underlying problems and locally appropriate solutions. The recognition of local knowledge on mangrove selection and innovations on traditional seawall were also used as a means of providing protection against climate hazards. The contributions of the program on the community adaptive capacity are determined by the benefits of the program on community's livelihood capitals. On human capital, skills and knowledge developed are in terms of hazards reduction and livelihood skills. This was contributed from the capacity building activity and the use of local norms. On social capital, the program increased the community support among the group members and also increases the access to the government network. This was contributed from the active participation of the community during the planning and the implementation stage. On the physical capital, the program has provided protection structures to cope with the current climatic threats of coastal erosion and tidal floods. This was contributed from protection service of the mangrove ecosystem. On financial capital, mangrove program have not only provide livelihood protection to the fishpond farmers and fishermen yet also provides the whole group with alternative options of climate resilient livelihoods. This was contributed from provision, maintenance and value service of the mangrove ecosystem. On natural capital, mangroves provide the community with goods which the community can make use. This was contributed from provision service of the mangrove ecosystem.

Kata Kunci : Climate Change, Ecosystem-based Adaptation, Community-based Adaptation, Mangrove, Adaptive Capacity