Kekerasan oleh Negara dalam Memberantas Tindakan Kriminal: Perbandingan Praktik Death Squads di Yogyakarta dan Rio de Janeiro pada Dasawarsa 1980an

MARIA YOVITA LIEM, Drs. Samsu Rizal Panggabean, M. Sc

2015 | Skripsi | S1 ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

Di saat kancah dunia internasional masih diselimuti dengan Perang Dingin, Indonesia di benua Asia dan Brazil di Amerika Selatan mengalami situasi ekonomi politik yang mirip, di mana keduanya sama-sama banyak disokong oleh bantuan asing dari kubu Amerika Serikat. Kedua negara ini sama-sama sedang mencoba membangun perekonomian negara dengan giat-giatnya dan kedua negara sama-sama dipimpin oleh pemerintah yang didominasi oleh militer, yaitu pemerintah Orde Baru di Indonesia dan rezim militer di Brazil. Pada dasawarsa 1980an, tepatnya pada tahun 1982 hingga 1985 terjadi pembunuhan oleh death squads di Indonesia yang terkenal dengan nama petrus (penembak misterius). Praktik oleh death squads ini secara resmi pertama kali terjadi di Yogyakarta. Pada saat yang sama praktik death squads juga terjadi di Brazil, (walaupun praktik death squads di negara ini memiliki sejarah yang lebih lama, panjang dan rumit) sebagian besar terjadi di favelafavela (daerah kumuh) dari kota-kota besar, salah satunya di kota Rio de Janeiro. Pembunuhan oleh death squads di kedua negara mulai gencar dioperasikan salah satunya karena tingkat kriminalitas yang semakin meningkat di kedua negara. Tingkat kriminalitas yang tinggi ini dirasa meresahkan masyarakat dan tentunya tidak mendukung iklim investasi dan perkembangan ekonomi yang baik. Tindakan kriminalitas yang merajalela dapat menghalangi pemerintah yang berkuasa dalam mencapai ketertiban masyarakat demi perkembangan ekonomi yang memuaskan. Bermacam-macam reaksi masyarakat dalam menanggapi praktik death squads di kedua negara ini; ada yang diam dan menerima saja, tetapi banyak juga aktivis HAM dan lembaga bantuan hukum yang memprotes operasi pembunuhan oleh death squads di kedua negara, dan juga dunia internasional, yang menuntut agar masalah death squads untuk dibawa ke peradilan. Belum ada penanganan yang nyata terhadap masalah petrus di Indonesia, sedangkan Brazil, telah mendirikan Komisi Kebenaran dan Rekonsiliasi untuk menyelidiki tentang praktik death squads.

When the international world was still in the Cold War era, Indonesia in Asia and Brazil in South America experienced similar political and economical situations, where both countries were getting many loans and economic development programs from the United States and the west. Both countries were similarly in the process of developing the economy of their countries and both countries were also governed by regime that was dominated by the military, which were New Order government in Indonesia and military regime in Brazil. In the decades of 1980s, to be precise in 1982 to 1985, there were killings by death squads in Indonesia which was famous with the name, petrus (penembak misterious/mysterious shootings). Those death squads’ killings were first happened in Yogyakarta. At the same time, death squads’ killings were also happened in Brazil, (though the history of death squads practice in this country was far more long and complicated) mostly it happened in favelas (poor neighbourhood) in big cities, one of which is Rio de Janeiro. Killings done by death squads in both of these countries began to massively operated, one of the reason was because of criminality rate that had become higher and higher in both countries. This high criminality rate was troubling for most of the citizens and of course would not be any good and would not support the investing climate and their great developing economies. These acts of crime that had gotten out of hands were becoming the obstacles for the ruling government to achieve the order among the people for the betterment of developing satisfying economy. There were many reactions from the people in respond to death squads killings in both countries; there were some who were silent and agreed, but there were also many human rights activists and law enforcement foundation that protested the killing operation by death squads in both countries, and of course the international world also condemned and protested the killings by death squads and demanded that the death squads killings cases were taken to justice. There is no real and significant solution or handling of the problems about petrus in Indonesia, meanwhile there was already a truth and reconciliation commission to observe, and subsequently to bring the death squads killings in Brazil to justice.

Kata Kunci : death squads, petrus, kekerasan, perbandingan, violence, comparison, Yogyakarta, Rio de Janeiro