DENATURALISASI DAN DETOTALISASI SEJARAH DALAM NOVEL-NOVEL AMERIKA: KAJIAN FIKSI POSMODEREN ATAS KARYA E.L.DOCTOROW

DRS NUR HIDAYAT M HUM, Dr. Wening Udasmoro, M.Hum.,DEA;Prof.Dr.Juliasih K.,S.U.

2015 | Disertasi | S3 Sastra

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana E.L. Doctorow dalam tinjauan teori poetika postmodernisme versi Linda Hutcheon konsep yang digunakan penulis dalam melakukan penelitian ini mendenaturalisasi dan mendetotalisasi konstruksi narasi sejarah resmi Amerika pada periode The Progressive Era, McCarthy Era, dan The Great Depression melalui tiga karyanya yaitu Ragtime, The Book of Daniel, dan Loon Lake. Penelitian memfokuskan pada persoalan kelas, etnis, dan jender yang menjadi perhatian utama sebagian besar karya-karya E.L. Doctorow. Mendenaturalisasi dalam hal ini diartikan sebagai menggugat transparansi representasi dan membongkar rujukan realis dan otonomi representasi moderen dan membuka kemungkinan rujukan lain representasi. Mendenaturalisasi juga berarti menjungkirbalikan konvensi representasi. Sementara mendetotalisasi diartikan sebagai mendobrak praktek-praktek pemaksaan penciptaan makna melalui representasi dan melacak kepentingan ideologis dan politis yang melatar-belakangi penciptaan representasi tersebut untuk selanjutnya menawarkan interpretasi baru dengan mengajukan rujukan representasi yang berbeda. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif-kualitatif. Untuk dapat menjelaskan bagaimana E.L. Doctorow mendenaturalisasi dan mendetotalisasi konstruksi narasi sejarah resmi Amerika pada ketiga periode sejarah tersebut di atas, poetika postmodernisme versi Linda Hutcheon digunakan sebagai landasan analisis penelitian ini. Penulisan kembali sejarah dalam fiksi postmoderen dalam istilah Linda Hutcheon disebut sebagai Historiografi Metafiksi. Historiografi Metafiksi menggunakan sejarah dalam penulisannya, namun pada saat yang sama sekaligus mempertanyakan dan menyelewengkannya untuk menantang konstruksi dan representasi sejarah resmi. Strategi yang digunakan untuk mendenaturalisasi dan mendetotalisasi konstruksi narasi sejarah dalam fiksi postmoderen menurut teori poetika postmodernisme versi Linda Hutcheon diantaranya adalah dengan strategi penggabungan antara tokoh-tokoh dan peristiwa nyata dalam sejarah dan tokoh-tokoh serta peristiwa rekaan, penggunaan intertekstualitas, dan parodi. Dengan analisis poetika postmodernisme versi Linda Hutcheon, hasil penelitian menunjukan bagaimana E.L. Doctorow membongkar representasi narasi sejarah resmi Amerika pada periode The Progressive Era, McCarthy Era, dan The Great Depression. Berbeda dengan apa yang dinyatakan dalam narasi resmi The Progressive Era dengan mitos-mitosnya tentang kemajuan, kemakmuran, dan kedamaian, Doctorow melalui novel Ragtime menampilkan The Progressive Era sebagai periode sejarah yang penuh dengan konflik-konflik dengan latar belakang masalah-masalah kelas sosial, etnis, dan jender. Dengan The Book of Daniel, Doctorow membongkar mitos-mitos di sekitar diskursus

This research attempts to explain how E.L. Doctorow in poetics of postmodernism theory of Linda Hutcheon concept employed by the writer in conducting the reasearch denaturalizes and detotalizes the construction of American official historical narration in the historical period of The Progressive Era, McCarthy Era, and The Great Depression through his novels namely, Ragtime, The Book of Daniel, and Loon Lake. The research is focused on problems of class, ethnicity, and gender with which Doctorows works are primarily concerned. To denaturalize is defined as to challenge the representation transparency and to undermine the realist reference and the autonomy of modern representations and then to open the possibility of other representation references. To denaturalize also means to upside down the conventions of representation. Meanwhile, to detotalize is defined as to dismantle the authorized practices of meaning productions through representations and to trace the ideological and political interest of representations production and accordingly, to offer new interpretations by proposing different representation references. The research method employed in this reaserch is descriptive-qualitative method. To explain how E.L. Doctorow denaturalizes and deotalizes the American official historical narration construction in the three American historical periods mentioned above, a poetics of postmodernism theory of Linda Hutcheon is employed as the underlying analysis base of the reasearch. The re-writing of history in postmodern fiction is termed as Historiographic Metafiction by Linda Hutcheon. In practice, historiographic metafiction makes use of history in its writing, however, at the same time it questions and misuses the history to challenge the construction and representations of official history. The strategies employed in denaturalizing and detotalizing historical narration construction according to poetics of postmodernism theory of Linda Hutcheon among others are done by mixing the real historical characters and events in history with the fictional ones, the use of intertextuality, and parody. Based on the analysis of poetics of postmodern theory of Linda Hutcheon, the result of the research shows how E.L. Doctorow undermines the American official historical narrations of The Progressive Era, McCarthy Era, and The Great Depression. Different from the discourses elaborated in the formal narration of The Progressive Era shrouded with myths of progress, prosperity, and peace, Doctorow, through Ragtime, presents The Progressive Era as a historical period burdened by class, ethnic, and gender related problems. By The Book of Daniel, Doctorow dismantles myths related to Cold War discourses and American eradication from 1960-ies communism elements known as McCarthysm by showing the real purposese of the myths production by American government namely political and economic purposes and the eradication of dissenting groups by American government in 1960-ies. Through Loon Lake, Doctorow undermines myths associated with American Dream by showing the heavy cost endured by American people in achieving the dream with all its negative aspects.

Kata Kunci : poetics of postmodernism, to denaturalize, to detotalize, epresentation, historiographic metafiction, intertextuality, parody, myth, American Dream.