RUMAH TINGGAL KARYA HASSAN FATHY GAGASAN, KONSEP, METODA DAN APLIKASI

MASHUDI, M. Sani Roychansyah,ST.,M.Eng.,D.Eng

2015 | Tesis | S2 Teknik Arsitektur

Hassan Fathy dikenal sebagai arsitek kemanusiaan, karena pembelaannya kepada masyarakat pedesaan tradisional dan masyarakat miskin. Seumur hidup karirnya telah didedikasikan terutama untuk arsitektur untuk rakyat miskin dengan melayaninya dalam membangun rumah tinggal masyarakat, dengan teknologi sederhana yang dapat dikerjakan masyarakat yang dididik dan dilatihnya. Hassan Fathy adalah salah satu arsitek pertama yang berusaha tidak terpengaruh perkembangan arsitektur modern dan menemukan pendekatan baru yang didasarkan pada konsepsi budaya masa lalu, tradisional dan vernakular.Upayanya tidak siasia, terbukti karya Hassan Fathy diakui negara diluar Mesir dan beberapa penghargaan diperolehnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metoda content analysis, yaitu metoda yang menggunakan analisis ilmiah daridata dan fakta yang sahih, dengan memperhatikan konteksnya.Empat langkah metodacontent analysispadakarya arsitekturHassan Fathy dalam penelitian ini adalah;menseleksi karya tektual dan karya arsitektural khususnya rumah tinggal, menyusun item-item yang spesifik tentang tekstual arsitektur dan data fisik bangunan, menganalisa dan membahas karya Hassan Fathy sesuai permasalahan penelitian yaitu mencari gagasan, konsep, dan metoda serta bagaimana mengaplikasikannya dalam karya arsitekturnya. Karya arsitektural yang menjadi fokus penelitian adalah dua karya tekstual dan lima karya rumah tinggal yang dipilih secara purposif dari 9 karya tekstual dan 111 karya arsitektur. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan kesimpulan sesuai permasalahan yang diajukan, yaitu berupa dua pokok gagasan.Gagasan pertama,Hassan Fathy sangat berhasyrat membawa arsitektur tradisional bergerak maju karena mempunyai nilai tinggi, modernisasi harus membawa budaya dan tradisionalitas. Gagasan ini tertransformasi dalam konsep menghindari teknologi impor dengan menggali nilai dan teknologi tradisional, selanjutnya dengan komitmen diaplikasikannya elemen-elemen vernakular tradisional dalam desain dan proses pembangunan. Gagasan kedua, Hassan Fahy ingin menerapkan lima unsur pokok membangun yang di fikirkan dan digalinya dari budaya aritektur tradisional Timur Tengah khususnya Mesir, yaitu 1).Selfhelp, 2). Teknologi tepat guna, 3). Mewadahi budaya individu, 4). Mempertahankan elemen tradisonal vernakular, dan 5). Penguatan tradisi & budaya (islami). Transformasi dari lima konsep membangun dari Hassan Fathy berupa metoda-metoda yang diaplikasikan dalam bentuk penerapan elemen-elemen bangunan vernakular tradisional yang digalinya dari budaya arsitektur daerah tropis kering, khususnya Mesir.

Hassan Fathy known as an architect of humanity, mostly because of his continuous advocacy towards traditional community in rural areas and lower economy class. His life career has been dedicated on "Architecture for the poor" by social services to build their houses with the simplest technology around that can be passed on and trained to the society whose in need. Hassan Fathy is one of the earliest architect that would keep their distance from the architectural modern trend by inventing new approach based on classic conceptual culture, traditional, and vernacular. With the acknowledgements from the international community, inside and outside of Egypt, His work is nothing but salutary. The aim of this research is to know the notion, methods, concept, and application that has been used by Hassan Fathy in his architectural work, especially for houses. This research was using content analysis method, which is a method of scientific analysis by asserting the context of enough valid data and facts. Four significant steps of content analysis method had been done thorough Hassan Fathy's work on this research that is: textual and architectural content selection especially for house, arrangement of specific elements about textual architecture and building's physical data, analysis and study of Hassan Fathy's work by its notion, concept, and methods, and its applications on Hassan Fathy's work. Focus of the research was two textual work and five houses that had been purposively chosen from nine textual and 111 architectural work of Hassan Fathy. The conclusion of this research, due to the proposed issue, was therefore classified to two notions. First Notion, Hassan Fathy was so much passionate about conveying the traditional architecture to move forward due to its high value, while persistently withstand that modernization must conceive culture and traditional values. This notion was transformed conceptually by refraining imported technology and extracting more of traditional values and technology, while dedicating traditional vernacular elements through applications of design and building process. Second notion, Hassan Fathy bound to implement five pillars of architectural concept that was benefited from the middle east traditional architectural culture especially Egypt, namely 1) Self-help, 2) Expeditious technology, 3) Facilitates individual culture 4) Preserving the vernacular traditional elements, 5) Strengthening traditions and culture (Islamic). The transformation of these five concepts by Hassan Fathy was achieved by methods that has been implemented towards traditional vernacular elements of buildings which was obtained from architectural culture of tropical dry area, especially Egypt.

Kata Kunci : House, Traditional, Content analysis, Notion, Tropical dry