KAJIAN NYAMUK Aedes aegypti SEBAGAI VEKTOR DENGUE DAN STATUS KERENTANANNYA TERHADAP INSEKTISIDA DI KECAMATAN WAY HALIM KOTA BANDAR LAMPUNG

LINDA SEPTIANI, Dr. Budi Mulyaningsih, Apt., MS.; Dr. drh. Sitti Rahmah Umniyati, SU

2015 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kedokteran Dasar dan Biomedis

Latar Belakang: Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) masih merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia, antara lain di Kecamatan Way Halim Kota Bandar Lampung. Nyamuk Ae. aegypti merupakan vektor utama penyakit DBD, sehingga penanggulanganya pun masih ditujukan kepada pengendalian nyamuk tersebut. Pengendalian dengan insektisida terus dilakukan namun kasus tetap ada. Hal tersebut diduga karena adanya transmisi transovarial dan populasi nyamuk yang mengandung virus didominasi oleh nyamuk yang resisten. Tujuan Penelitian: untuk mengkaji keberadaan virus dengue (transmisi transovarial dan serotipe virus) serta status kerentanannya terhadap insektisida pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti di berbagai tipe permukiman di Kecamatan Way Halim. Metode Penelitian: Jenis penelitian untuk deteksi transmisi transovarial dan serotipe virus dengue adalah observasional dengan rancangan berupa deskriptik dan analitik sedangkan untuk deteksi status kerentanan dengan metode bioassay adalah quasi-eksperimental dengan rancangan Post-test only with control group design. Pemasangan ovitrap dilakukan di 3 Kelurahan sebanyak 180 rumah, masing-masing rumah dipasangi 2 ovitrap (indoor dan outdoor) sehingga totalnya 360 buah. Telur yang terperangkap ditetaskan di laboratorium Parasitologi FK UGM, dikolonisasi, dan diuji. Subyek penelitian berupa larva dan nyamuk Ae. aegypti generasi F1. Keberadaan virus dengue pada vektor diuji dengan metode Imunohistokimia dan RT-PCR sedangkan untuk uji kerentanan menggunakan metode CDC Bottle Bioassay. Data dianalisis dengan Chi-square. Hasil Penelitian: Hasil pemeriksaan IHC nyamuk Ae. aegypti di Kecamatan Way Halim menunjukan adanya transmisi virus secara transovarial. Persentase positif virus dengue pada nyamuk di berbagai tipe permukiman menunjukkan ada hubungan yang signifikan (p < 0,05). Pada permukiman Perumnas Way Halim dan Gunung Sulah terdeteksi serotipe virus DEN-1 dan DEN-4 sedangkan pada permukiman Way Halim Permai tidak terdeteksi virus dengue. Larva Ae. aegypti yang telah resisten (RR) terhadap temefos hanya ditemukan di permukiman Perumnas Way Halim sedangkan nyamuk yang resisten sedang (SR) terhadap malation dan resisten (RR) terhadap sipermetrin ditemukan pada semua tipe permukiman di Kecamatan Way Halim. Secara statistik, tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara tipe permukiman dan status kerentanan nyamuk terhadap insektisida (p > 0,05). Kesimpulan: Nyamuk Ae. aegypti di Kecamatan Way Halim menunjukkan adanya transmisi transovarial dan serotipe virus DEN - 1 & 4. Larva Ae. aegypti di Kecamatan Way Halim sudah resisten (RR) terhadap temefos dan nyamuknya sudah resisten sedang (SR) terhadap malation serta resisten (RR) terhadap sipermetrin.

Background: Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still one public health problem in Indonesia, it has been found in Way Halim subdistrict, Bandar Lampung. Ae. aegypti is the major vector of dengue fever, so that the prevention is still tended to the mosquito control. Controlled by insecticides have been conducted, but the dengue cases were still occured. That was because of the prescence of transmission transovarial and also mosquito populations that contain viruses dominated by mosquitoes that were resistant. Objective: to know the presence of dengue virus (transovarial transmission and virus serotype) and determine the susceptibility of larvae and mosquito against insecticides in various types of settlements in Way Halim subdistrict, Bandar Lampung. Methods: The study for detection transovarial transmission and dengue virus serotype were observational with descriptive and analytic design, while for the detection of the susceptibility used of the bioassay, quasi-experimental with Post-test only with control group design. Ovitrap installation were carried out in 3 village of 180 houses, each house fitted with 2 ovitraps (indoor and outdoor) so the total numbers were 360 ovitraps. The eggs trapped, were hatched in the Parasitology FK UGM laboratory, colonized, and tested. The research subjects were larvae and Ae. aegypti F1 generation. The presence of dengue virus in vector tested by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RT-PCR methods, the susceptibility test was conducted based on Bottle CDC bioassay. Data were analyzed with Chi-square. Results: The Results of IHC for detection dengue virus to Ae. aegypti in Way Halim subdistrict showed the presence of viral transmission vertically. The percentage of positive dengue virus on mosquitoes in various types of settlements showed significant correlation (p < 0,05). In the settlement of Perumnas Way Halim and Gunung Sulah were detected virus serotype DEN - 1 and DEN - 4, while in Way Halim Permai was not detected the dengue virus. Larvae Ae. aegypti have been resistance (RR) against temefos found only in Perumnas Way Halim, the mosquitoes have been moderate resistance (SR) against malathion and resistance (RR) against cypermethrin were found in all types of settlements in the Way Halim subdistrict. Statistically, there were no significant correlation between the type of settlements and the susceptibility status on mosquito against insecticides (p > 0,05). Conclusion: Ae. aegypti in Way Halim subdistrict showed transovarial transmission and the virus serotypes were detect DEN -1 and DEN - 4. Larvae Ae. aegypti in Way Halim subdistrict have been resistance (RR) against temefos and the mosquitoes moderate resistance (SR) against malathion and resistance (RR) against cypermethrin.

Kata Kunci : Ae. aegypti, transmisi transovarial, serotipe virus dengue, status kerentanan; Ae. aegypti, transovarial transmission, dengue virus serotypes, the susceptibillity status