Determinants of Sugar Trade in Fiji and Indonesia

MIRIAMA DITIKAU KETEDROMO, Prof. Dr. Ir. Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto, MS; Prof. Dr. Ir. Irham, MSc.

2015 | Tesis | S2 Ekonomi Pertanian

Sampai dengan Abad ke-17, gula dianggap sebagai barang mewah. Terutama karena meningkatnya konsumsi akibat peningkatan produksi, gula berubah menjadi bahan pangan penting di Abad ke-18 dan kini menjadi produk yang dikonsumsi secara luas di seluruh dunia. Dalam penelitian ini, Fiji dianggap sebagai negara pengekspor gula dunia. Sebagai salah satu anggota negara-negara Afrika, Karibia, dan Pasifik, Fiji diuntungkan dari kerjasama di sektor gula dengan Uni Eropa dibawah Protokol ACP/EU. Selain itu, penelitian ini mengamati industri gua Indonesia sebagai negara pengimpor gula. diantara negara-negara Asia, Indonesia berada dalam kelompok lima besar produsen gula dan tiga besar konsumen gula. Indonesia telah menjadi salah satu dari lima importir terbesar dunia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: 1) mengetahui dan memahami kinerja ekspor dan impor gula dalam perekonomian Fiji dan Indonesia; 2) menganalisis daya saing industri gula di Fiji dan Indonesia; dan 3) mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ekspor dan impor gula di Fiji dan Indonesia. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder runtut waktu selama tahun 1981-2011. Analisis trend dilakukan menggunakan model regresi Least square. AR index digunakan untuk melihat daya saing dan OLS digunakan untuk melihat faktor-faktor yang mempengeruhi impor dan ekspor gula di Fiji dan Indonesia. Penelitian menunjukkan hasil sebagai berikut: 1) terjadi fluktuasi besar pada impor dan ekspor gula di Fiji dan Indonesia akibat krisis keuangan, masalah pertanahan, situasi politik, perubahan cuaca, dan harga gula dunia; 2) Fiji memiliki rasio akselerasi 0,98 sedangkan rasio akselerasi Indonesia adalah 0,99 karena kedua negara melakukan ekspor dan impor namun Indonesia dianggap sebagai pengimpor saja; 3) Industri gula Fiji dipengaruhi oleh harga impor gula dan ketersediaan gula per kapita. Lebih jauh, industri gula Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh harga gula Brazil dan ketersediaan gula per kapita.

Sugar was up to the seventeenth century an expensive luxury item. Mainly due to increased consumption as a result of an increased production, sugar turned into a necessity in the eighteen century and is today a mass consumed product all over the world. In this research, Fiji is observed as sugar exporter in the world. Fiji being a member of the African, Caribbean and Pacific(ACP) countries it has mutually benefited from a long and profitable partnership in the sugar sector with the European Union under the terms of the ACP/EU Sugar Protocol. In addition, this research observes the Indonesia sugar industry as a sugar importer. Amongst the Asian countries, Indonesia is in the top five in sugar production and the top three in sugar consumption. Indonesia has now become one of the five biggest importers of sugar in the world. The purpose of this research is : (1) to know and understand the performance of sugar exports and sugar imports in Fiji and Indonesia's economy; (2) to analyze the competitiveness of the sugar industry in Fiji and Indonesia ; and (3) to know the factors that influence the export and import of sugar in Fiji and Indonesia. Data used are secondary data and are collected according to time series in the form of annual data from the year 1981- 2011. Least square regression model was applied for trend analysis, AR index used to see the competitiveness and ordinary least square (OLS)model is used to see the factors that affect import and exports of sugar in Fiji and Indonesia. The results of the analysis show that :(1) there is great fluctuations of import and export of sugar for Fiji and Indonesia which were due to financial crises, land issues, political situations unstable weather conditions and world sugar prices, (2) Fiji has an acceleration ratio of 0.98 whereas Indonesia has its acceleration ratio of 0.99, as observed that both countries do export and import but Indonesia is considered as a net importer; (3) Fiji sugar industry is affected by the sugar import price and per capita availability of sugar. Moreover, Indonesia sugar industry is affected by Brazil's sugar price and per capita availability of sugar.

Kata Kunci : sugar, ACP/EU Sugar Protocol , regression.