FILSAFAT POLITIK JOHN LOCKE DAN RELEVANSINYA DENGAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA DI INDONESIA

DRS. AHMAD ZUBAIDI, M.SI., Dr. Rizal Mustansyir ; Dr. Misnal Munir

2015 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Filsafat

Persoalan hak asasi manusia (HAM) telah menjadi bahan sorotan di dunia internasional terutama sejak tahun 1980-an ketika terjadi gelombang perubahan sosial politik di kawasan Eropa Timur. Perubahan yang cepat itu berawal dari kehancuran rezim otoritarian-komunis di Uni Soviet, yang merambah ke negara-negara Eropa Timur lainnya. Perubahan itu menimbulkan konflik yang penuh dengan pelanggaran HAM dan disusul dengan kelahiran beberapa negara merdeka baru. Problem pelanggaran hak asasi manusia juga terjadi di Indonesia. Apabila ditelusuri ke belakang, hak asasi manusia memiliki akar sejarah dari Barat Modern, dan salah satu tokohnya yaitu filsuf John Locke. Penelitian untuk disertasi ini berjudul "Filsafat politik John Locke dan relevansinya dengan hak asasi manusia di Indonesia". Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan unsur pokok filsafat politik Locke, khususnya tentang hak kodrati manusia; menemukan kekuatan dan kelemahan filsafat politik Locke; dan menemukan relevansi filsafat politik dan hak kodrati Locke dengan hak asasi manusia di Indonesia. Penelitian ini termasuk dalam jenis penelitian kualitatif filosofis. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui kajian kepustakaan dengan mengambil model penelitian historis faktual mengenai tokoh John Locke. Sumber data primernya adalah karya-karya Locke, terutama Two Treatises of Government (1690) dan An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1700). Data yang telah terkategorisasi kemudian dianalisis dengan metode hermeneutika-filsafati dengan unsur-unsur metodis yang meliputi: deskripsi, verstehen, interpretasi, kesinambungan historik, analisis, dan heuristika. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa unsur pokok filsafat politik Locke yaitu: penolakan terhadap kekuasaan yang absolut; asas persetujuan rakyat melalui "kontrak sosial"; konsep negara konstitusional yang di dalamnya mengatur pemerintahan sipil dan pembagian kekuasaan; serta jaminan terhadap hak-hak kodrati, yang meliputi hak hidup, hak kebebasan dan hak milik. Kelebihan filsafat politik Locke yaitu penegakan nilai-nilai universal yang meliputi kemerdekaan, kemanusiaan, keadilan, persamaan, dan kerakyatan; sedangkan kelemahannya yaitu corak individualistik, sekuler, materialistik, serta berpihak pada golongan elit. Relevansi filsafat politik Locke dengan hak asasi manusia di Indonesia yaitu adanya titik temu pada empat hal, yaitu : perlindungan hak asasi manusia sebagai pemuliaan nilai kemanusiaan universal; pentingnya rumusan konstitusional yang melindungi hak-hak asasi manusia; penolakan terhadap praktik kekuasaan yang absolut; dan asas persetujuan rakyat sebagai hak politik untuk melegitimasi kekuasaan politik

Human rights had become international issues, especially since 1980s, when occured socio-political changes in Eastern Europe region. The rapid changes started from the destruction of otoritarian-communism regime in Union of Soviets which influenced other Eastern Europe countries. The changes resulted conflicts which had produced violations against human rights and were followed by the emergence of new countries. The development of human rights at nowadays has become the problem in Indonesia too. Human rights have historical elements from modern western thoughts; and one of pioneers was the philosopher, John Locke. This research is entitled "John Locke's Political Philosophy and Its Relevance with Human Rights in Indonesia". This research was aimed to find out the basic concepts of Locke's political philosophy, especially on natural rights; to find out the strengths and the weaknesses of Locke's political philosophy; and to find out the relevance of Locke's political philosophy and the concept of natural rights with human rights in Indonesia. This was a qualitative and philosophical research, which was conducted through library research, and it was designed in factual-historical model about a great thinker, John Locke. The primary sources of data are the works of Locke, especially, Two Treatises of Government (1690) and An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1700). Then, the categorized data were analysed by the philosophical-hermeneutic method, with methodical elements which cover: de- scription, verstehen, interpretation, historical-continuity, analysis, and heuristic. The result of the research showed that the basic elements of Locke's thought in political philosophy were resistance to absolute power; the principle of the consent of society through a "social contract"; the conception of constitutional government which regulated civil government and separation of power; and protecting natural rights which consisted of the right of life, the right of liberty, and the right of property. The strengths of Locke's political philosophy are promoting universal values which cover liberty, humanity, justice, equality, and people's sovereignty. The weaknesses of Lockes political philosophy are individualistic, secular, and materialistic views, and pro-elite class. The relevance of Locke's political philosophy with human rights in Indonesia, there are four points: protecting human rights as promoting the values of universal humanity; the urgency of constitutional formulation to protect human rights; resistance to absolute power; and principle of people's consent as political rights for legitimating political power.

Kata Kunci : filsafat politik, John Locke, kontrak sosial, kekuasaan politik, hak-hak kodrati, hak asasi manusia ; political philosophy, John Locke, social contract, political power, natural rights, human rights