Dampak Berbagai Kebijakan Legalitas Kayu terhadap Petani Hutan Rakyat di Kabupaten Gunungkidul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

DEWI AYU SEKARTAJI, Ahmad Maryudi, S.Hut, M.For.,Ph.D; Dr.Ir. Ris Hadi Purwanto, M.Agr.Sc

2015 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kehutanan

Hutan rakyat di Indonesia memiliki berbagai kemanfaatan dan potensi, baik aspek ekonomi, ekologi maupun sosial. Kebijakan terkait hutan rakyat yang diterapkan di Indonesia adalah SLIMF (Small and Low Intensity Managed Forest) oleh FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), PHBML (Pengelolaan Hutan Berbasis Masyarakat Lestari) oleh LEI (Lembaga Ekolabel Indonesia), SVLK (Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu) dan Surat Keterangan Asal Usul Kayu (SKAU) oleh Kementerian Kehutanan. Di Kabupaten Gunungkidul, kebijakan terkait legalitas kayu (SLIMF, PHBML, SVLK dan SKAU) pada lokasi desa yang sama diduga dapat menimbulkan kebingungan pada petani dalam pengelolaan hutan rakyat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak berbagai kebijakan legalitas kayu terhadap pengetahuan masyarakat, dampak kebijakan legalitas kayu terhadap praktek pengelolaan hutan rakyat, dan dampak berbagai kebijakan legalitas kayu terhadap keunggulan kompetitif produk kayu hutan rakyat bersertifikasi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode cross sectional dengan mengambil Desa Girisuko sebagai desa bersertifikasi SKAU, Desa Girimulyo dan Desa Karangsari sebagai desa proses sertifikasi SVLK/PHBML, Desa Semoyo sebagai desa bersertifikasi SVLK, Desa Katongan sebagai desa bersertifikasi SLIMF dan Desa Kedungkeris sebagai desa bersertifikasi PHBML. Instrumen pengumpulan data berupa wawancara terstruktur, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) dan studi pustaka. Wawancara dilakukan terhadap tiga puluh orang petani hutan rakyat, satu orang pedagang kayu kecil dan satu orang pedagang kayu besar, satu orang pengurus KTH, dan tiga orang aparat pada masing-masing desa. Analisis data penelitian dilakukan dengan dua cara : (1) Statistik deskriptif, dengan membuat batasan operasional lalu diuji dengan chi square independency test; (2) Statistik inferensial, dengan membuat variabel dan definisi operasional lalu diuji dengan paired T-Test. Dari hasil analisis didapatkan bahwa berbagai kebijakan legalitas kayu tidak memberikan dampak positif dalam peningkatan pengetahuan. Berbagai kebijakan legalitas kayu juga tidak memberikan dampak positif dalam kegiatan pengelolaan di hutan rakyat. Sertifikasi PHL (PHBML, SLIMF) memberikan dampak positif terhadap keunggulan kompetitif produk kayu rakyat dibandingkan desa yang bersertifikasi SVLK/SKAU. Sertifikasi SVLK sebaiknya dihapuskan dan sertifikasi PHL sebaiknya tidak diadopsi kembali karena tidak memberikan dampak positif bagi petani hutan rakyat.

A community forest in Indonesia has various advantages and potential, both aspects of the economic, ecological and social. Policies-related community forest who applied in Indonesia were SLIMF (Small and Low Intensity Managed Forest) by FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), PHBML (Sustainable Community-Based Forest Management) by LEI (Indonesia Ecolabelling Institute), SVLK (Timber Legality Assurance System) and Certificate Origin of Wood (SKAU) by The Government of Indonesia. In Gunungkidul, policies related to timber legality (SLIMF, PHBML, TLVS and SKAU) in the same village location could be expected to cause "confusion" on farmers in the management of community forests. This study aims to determine the impact of a variety of timber legality policy towards level of knowledge, the impact of timber legality policy towards community forest management practices, and the impact of various policies on the competitive advantages of wood products of certified community forests. This study was conducted using cross-sectional method where taken at Girisuko village as a certified SKAU village, Girimulyo and Karangsari villages as a TLVS/SFM certification process, Semoyo village as a TLVS certified village, Katongan village as a SLIMF certified village and Kedungkeris village as a PHBML certified village. Data collection instruments are structured interviews, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and literature study. Interviews were conducted with thirty community forest farmers, one small-scale timber traders and one large-scale timber traders, one forest farmer group leader, and three village officials, in each village. Data analysis was perform in two ways: (1) Descriptive statistics, by making operational constraints and tested by Chi square test of independency; (2) inferential statistics, by creating variables and operational definition and then tested by paired T-test. The analysis was found that a variety of timber legality policy does not provide a positive impact in the increase level of knowledge. Various timber legality policy also does not have a positive impact on forest management activities in the people. SFM certifications (PHBML, SLIMF) gives a positive impact on competitive advantage of wood products compared with certified TLVS/SKAU villages. TLVS certification should be abolished and SFM certifications should not be adopted again because it does not give a positive impact on private forest farmers.

Kata Kunci : kebijakan, hutan rakyat, sertifikasi