MODEL KEARIFAN LINGKUNGAN MASYARAKAT DALAM MENGKONSERVASI KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI DI LAHAN PEKARANGAN KABUPATEN SLEMAN

IR. SUHARTINI, MS, Prof. S. Djalal Tandjung, M.Sc., Ph.D. ; Prof. Dr. Ir. Chafid Fandeli, MS. ; Prof. Dr. M. Baiquni, MA.

2015 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Lingkungan

Environmental wisdom has an important role in conserving the biodiversity. It is necessary to do research with the aims to 1). Assess the society’s environmental wisdom in conserving the biodiversity of homegardens; 2). Assess the factors that influence the society’s environmental wisdom in conserving the biodiversity; 3). map the potential biodiversity of homegardens; 4). Assess the adaptation of society in the preservation of biodiversity of homegardens based environmental wisdom, and 5) Develop homegardens management models based on the environmental wisdom that can conserve biodiversity sustainably. This study represents the four areas based on the condition of the home gardens, how to manage their home gardens, neighborhood community life, and the specificity of the areas. The area is near the forest, near the center of cultural , near cities and near the farm and craft. Sampling was carried out with a group that is gradually phased by region, district, village and hamlet (Singarimbun and Effendi, 1989) in which each the hamlet was taken 20 respondents. The methods to collect data were through observation, interviews using questionnaires and indepth interviews with respondents and community leaders, and identification of the biodiversity. Data were analyzed with vegetations analysis (the importance values and Shannon-Wienner diversity index), descriptive analysis, cross-tabulations, and multiple liniar regression. The results showed that: 1). Society’s environmental wisdom in conserving the biodiversity is reflected to the livelihood inherited and due to the introduction of plants and animals, the form of prohibitions, suggestions, togetherness, believes, and how to grow crops. The conservation of plants and animals based on cultural activities, health, wildlife management and philosophy as well as Centhini. 2).Factors affected the society’s environmental wisdom including socio-economic status, land resources, economic, social and cultural factors, science and technology, community leaders and the policy of local goverment; 3).The potential biodiversity of homegardens is based on the benefits and importance values of plants and animals, and the potential product or its natural conditions in which the product exists as the tourism villages, the cultural tourism and the development of potential rural; 4). The behavioral adaptation of society in the conservation of the biodiversity of homegardens adjusts the existing changes and the market demand. The study showed that there are frictions of the types of cultivated plants and animals to the economical-beauty-satisfaction-andcomfort plants and animals. 5). Model of the biodiversity management of homegardens include: a. the plant diversity management intended as the source of main income which formed the dominance of one type of plant and produce low plant diversity index, but it contribute high income; and b. the plant diversity management intended as the sources of additional income, beauty, satisfaction, and comfort which formed the diversity of crops and produce high plant diversity index, but it contribute low income. Model of society‘s environmental wisdom in conserving the biodiversity of homegardens can be sustained if the homegardens are intended as the source of main income added the diverse plants and the homegardens intended as the source of additional or side line income added the commercial plants in the form of vegetables and fruits, livestock and fish farming.

Kearifan lingkungan mempunyai peran penting dalam mengkonservasi keanekaragaman hayati. Oleh karenanya dilakukan penelitian dengan tujuan untuk 1) menggali kearifan lingkungan masyarakat dalam mengkonservasi keanekaragaman hayati di lahan pekarangan, 2) mengkaji faktorfaktor yang mempengaruhi kearifan lingkungan masyarakat dalam mengkonservasi keanekaragaman hayati, 3) memetakan potensi keanekaragam hayati di lahan pekarangan, 4) mengkaji perilaku adaptasi masyarakat dalam melestarikan keanekaragaman hayati di lahan pekarangan berdasar kearifan lingkungan dan 5) dan menyusun model pengelolaan keanekaragaman hayati secara lestari di lahan pekarangan berdasar kearifan lingkungan. Penelitian ini mewakili 4 kawasan berdasarkan kondisi pekarangan, cara mengelola lahan pekarangan, lingkungan kehidupan masyarakat setempat, dan kekhususan wilayah. Kawasan tersebut adalah kawasan dekat hutan, dekat pusat peninggalan budaya, dekat perkotaan dan kawasan berbasis pertanian dan kerajinan. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan gugus bertahap yaitu secara bertahap berdasarkan kawasan, kecamatan, desa dan dusun (Singarimbun dan Effendi, 1989) di mana masingmasing dusun diambil 20 responden. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara menggunakan kuesioner dan wawancara secara mendalam kepada responden dan tokoh masyarakat serta identifikasi keanekaragaman tanaman dan hewan. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis vegetasi tentang nilai penting dan indeks keanekaragaman jenis ahannon-Wiener, tabulasi silang, regresi linier berganda dan analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan:1. Kearifan lingkungan masyarakat dalam mengkonservasi keanekaragaman hayati tercermin dalam mata pencaharian baik yang bersifat menurun maupun karena introduksi tanaman dan hewan, bentuk larangan, anjuran, kebersamaan, kepercayaan dan cara bercocok tanam. Konservasi tanaman dan hewan dilakukan berdasarkan kegiatan budaya, kesehatan, pengelolaan satwa serta filosofi dan/atau Serat Centhini. 2. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kearifan lingkungan masyarakat mencakup status sosial ekonomi, sumberdaya lahan, ekonomi, sosial, budaya, IPTEK, tokoh masyarakat dan kebijakan pemerintah setempat. 3. Potensi keanekaragaman hayati di lahan pekarangan didasarkan pada manfaat dan nilai penting jenis tanaman dan hewan serta keunggulan produk atau kondisi alam di mana produk itu ada seperti desa wisata dan pengembangan potensi desa .4. Perilaku adaptasi masyarakat dalam melestarikan keanekaragaman hayati di lahan pekarangan menyesuaikan perubahan yang ada dan permintaan pasar. Telah terjadi pergeseran jenis tanaman dan hewan yang dibudidayakan ke arah tanaman dan hewan yang bernilai ekonomis, memberi keindahan, kepuasan, dan kenyamanan. 5. Model pengelolaan keanekaragaman hayati di lahan pekarangan meliputi pengelolaan yang bertujuan sebagai sumber pendapatan utama menghasilkan dominasi suatu jenis tanaman dan indeks keanekaragaman jenis tanaman rendah, namun memberikan sumbangan pendapatan tinggi. Pengelolaan yang bertujuan sebagai tambahan pendapatan, keindahan, kepuasan dan kenyamanan menghasilkan indeks keanekaragaman jenis tanaman tinggi, namun memberikan sumbangan pendapatan rendah. Model pengelolaan keanekaragaman hayati di lahan pekarangan berdasar kearifan lingkungan dapat berkelanjutan jika pada lahan pekarangan yang bertujuan untuk sumber pendapatan utama ditambahkan jenis tanaman yang beraneka ragam. Untuk lahan pekarangan sebagai usaha sampingan ditambahkan pemilihan jenis tanaman yang bernilai komersial seperti sayuran, buah-buahan, ataupun budidaya ternak dan ikan.

Kata Kunci : kearifan lingkungan, konservasi, keanekaragaman hayati, lahan pekarangan