POTENSI EKSTRAK ETANOLIK KULIT BATANG JAMBU METE (Anacardium occidentale Linn.) SEBAGAI BAHAN OBAT KUMUR (Kajian antibakteri dan penyembuhan luka)

DRG. HARSINI, Prof. Dr. drg. Iwa Sutardjo Rus Sudarso, SU., Sp.KGA(K)

2015 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Kedokteran Gigi

Kulit batang jambu mete mengandung senyawa fenolik (flavonoid, tanin, dan asam anakardat) serta saponin yang mempunyai efek sebagai anti bakteri dan menekan COX-2. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui potensi ekstrak etanolik kulit batang jambu mete (Anacardium occidentale Linn.) sebagai bahan obat kumur (kajian antibakteri dan penyembuhan luka) Penelitian menggunakan kulit batang jambu mete yang diambil dari Mojolegi, Imogiri Kabupaten Bantul. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%. Penelitian tahap 1 dilakukan untuk identifikasi senyawa yang terkandung di dalam kulit batang jambu mete menggunakan KLT dan HPLC serta Folin-Ciocalteau. Tahap ke 2 dilakukan uji bakteri dengan metode dilusi cair pada bakteri S.aureus dan A.actinomycetemcomitans pada konsentrasi ekstrak 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 dan 7% yang dikontakkan selama 30; 60 dan 120 detik. Tahap 3 dilakukan penelitian terhadap 60 ekor marmut yang dicabut gigi kanan bawah dan dibagi dalam 5 kelompok (n = 12 ekor marmut). Ekstrak kulit batang jambu mete dalam obat kumur dibuat dengan konsentrasi 3; 5 dan 7% dan kelompok air suling serta kelompok Listerin. Kumur diberikan pada marmut sebanyak 1mL yang diteteskan selama 60 detik, dilakukan setiap pagi dan sore. Marmut dikorbankan pada hari ke-3, ke-7, dan ke-14 masing-masing 4 ekor. Soket bekas pencabutan gigi dibuat sediaan menggunakan pengecatan immunohistochemistry (IHC) untuk menghitung jumlah VEGF. Data dianalisis menggunakan Anava 2 jalur dilanjutkan uji LSD Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kulit batang jambu mete mengandung senyawa asam anakardat sekitar 0,004%, senyawa asam galat sekitar 0,031% serta total fenol 33,06 ±1,13 % GAE(Galic Acid Equivalent) Nilai Kadar Hambat Minimal (KHM) bakteri S.aureus 5% dan A.actimomycetemcomitans 7%. Waktu kontak ekstrak kulit batang jambu mete pada bakteri S.aureus pada konsentrasi 5% dan A.actimomycetemcomitans untuk konsentrasi 7% adalah 60 detik. Kenaikan konsentrasi ekstrak kulit batang jambu mete 3; 5 dan 7% berpengaruh terhadap daya hambat pertumbuhan bakteri S.aureus dan A.actimomycetemcomitans (p<0,05). Uji Anava 2 jalur menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi ekstrak etanolik kulit batang jambu mete berpengaruh terhadap kecepatan penyembuhan luka (p < 0,05), dilihat dari jumlah VEGF. Uji LSD terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara konsentrasi dan hari pada penyembuhan luka. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanolik kulit batang jambu mete dengan kandungan asam anakardat dan asam galat berpotensi menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri S.aureus dan A.actimomycetemcomitans dalam kontak 60 detik lebih besar dibandingkan kelompok air suling dan Listerin, serta dapat mempercepat penyembuhan luka bekas pencabutan gigi marmut. Konsentrasi 7% pada hari ke 14 memperlihatkan penurunan jumlah VEGF paling besar.

Cashew bark (Anacardium occidentale Linn.) has phenolic compound (flavonoid, tannin and anacardic acid) and saponin which have anti bacterial and COX-2 inhibitor.. The aim of this research was to investigate the potency of ethanolic cashew bark extract (Anacardium occidentale Linn.) as a mouthwash (antibacterial activity and wound healing study). The research used cashew stem bark from Mojolegi, Karangtengah, Imogiri, Bantul. Extraction was done by maceration with 70% ethanol. After obtaining the extracts mouthwash was made with different concentrations. The first step of the investigation was identifying active compounds in cashew bark using Thin Layer Chromatographic and High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Folin Ciocalteau. The second step was to conduct bacterial tests by dilution method on S.aureus and A.actinomycetemcomitans bacteria at extract concentrations of 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; and 7% which were in place for 30, 60, and 120 seconds. The following step was conducting tests on 60 male guinea pigs, of 2.5 to 3 months of age, which had their lower right tooth removed and were divided into 5 groups (n = 12 guinea pigs). Five groups consisted of mouthwash containing cashew stem bark extract of 3; 5 and 7%, aquadest, and Listerine. The aquadest was given to the first group, Listerin for the second group, 3% cashew stem bark extract concentration mouthwash to the third group, 5% concentration was given to the fourth group, and 7% concentration for the fifth group. Mouthwash of 1mL was given to the guinea pigs for 60 seconds, which was done every morning and evening. Four guinea pigs from each group were then decapitated after 3, 7, and 14 days. Tissues from the dental socket were taken and made into histological specimens using immunohistochemistry staining method to count the number of VEGF. Data were analyzed using two-way Anova followed by LSD0,05. The result showed that ethanolic cashew bark extract contains 0.004% anacardic acid, 0.031% galic acid, and total phenolic content of 33.06 ±1.13 % EAG. MIC value of S.aureus was 5% and 7% for A.actimomycetemcomitans. Contact time of cashew stem bark extract to S.aureus and A.actimomycetemcomitans was 60 seconds. Increase in concentration of cashew stem bark extract at 3; 5 and 7% influenced towards the inhibitory growth of S.aureus and A.actimomycetemcomitans, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for S.aureus was 5% and A.actimomycetemcomitans was 7%. From the two-way Anova test, it was proven that the number of days and cashew stem bark extract ethanolic concentration influenced the speed of wound healing (p < 0.05) and by LSD, it was known that there were significant difference between concentrations and wound healing time. The conclusion: Ethanolic extract of cashew stem bark containing anacardic acid and galic acid inhibited the growth of S.aureus and A.actinomycetemcomitans bacteria in 60 seconds contact time and accelerated wound healing after tooth extraction, higer than aquadest and Listerin. Cashew stem bark extract of 7% concentration on day 14 showed the most decrease of total VEGF.

Kata Kunci : -