PENINGKATAN KUANTITAS DAN KUALITAS HASIL TANAMAN LIDAH BUAYA (Aloe vera L.) MELALUI METODE ELISITASI DI LAHAN PASIR PANTAI

DRA. MARIA THERESIA DARINI, M.P., Prof. Dr.Ir. Didik Indradewa, Dip.Agr.St. selaku promotor; Dr. Ir. Aziz Purwantoro, M.Sc.; Dr. Ir. Dja’far Shiddieq, M.Sc.

2015 | Disertasi | S3 Agronomi

Tanaman lidah buaya (Aloe vera L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman multifungsi. Tanaman lidah buaya yang tumbuh di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta mempunyai ukuran tanaman dan daun relatif kecil, sehingga kurang diminati konsumen. Agar dapat meningkatkan daya tarik konsumen maka selain tanaman mempunyai ukuran besar juga mempunyai kandungan nutrisi gizi, antioksidan dan senyawa aloin yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai Peningkatan kuantitas dan kualitas hasil tanaman lidah buaya (Aloe vera L.) melalui metode elisitasi di lahan pasir pantai. Penelitian terdiri dari 4 (empat) tahap, penelitian 1: Peningkatan pertumbuhan dan konsentrasi aloin planlet tanaman lidah buaya dengan elisitor sukrosa dan ekstrak khamir. penelitian 2: Pertumbuhan dan produksi aloin bibit tanaman lidah buaya pada tanah pasir dari planlet sumber media berbeda; Penelitian 3: Pertumbuhan bibit tanaman lidah buaya dan produksi aloin dari planlet pada kombinasi pupuk kandang dan pupuk urea; Penelitian 4: Kajian takaran pupuk kandang dan pupuk urea terhadap sifat fisik kimia tanah pasir, sifat pertumbuhan, sifat fisiologi dan kualitas tanaman lidah buaya. Penelitian 1 dengan rancangan RAL, faktor 1, dosis sukrosa 4 aras, faktor 2, dosis ekstrak khamir 4 aras. Penelitian 2 dengan rancangan RAL faktor tunggal macam sumber planlet 3 aras. Penelitian 3 dan 4 dengan rancangan RAKL, faktor 1 takaran pupuk kandang 3 aras, faktor 2 dosis pupuk urea 5 aras. Hasil penelitian diperoleh planlet dengan konsentrasi aloin tinggi dari 3 media yaitu media MS tanpa elisitor, media MS ditambah elisitor sukrosa 4,5 % dan media MS ditambah elisitor sukrosa 4,5 % + 300 ppm ekstrak khamir. Pertumbuhan dan produksi aloin planlet tertinggi pada tanah pasir diperoleh dari media MS ditambah elisitor sukrosa 4,5 %. Pertumbuhan dan produksi aloin bibit pada tanah pasir diperoleh dari planlet media MS ditambah elisitor 4,5 %. Pemberian pupuk kandang takaran 30 t/ha dan pupuk urea 300 kg/ha mampu meningkatkan sifat fisiologi dan pertumbuhan tanaman. Kadar abu dan vitamin E tertinggi, diperoleh pemberian pupuk kandang 20 t/ha dan pupuk urea 300 kg/ha. Kadar protein dan vitamin A tertinggi, diperoleh pada pemberian pupuk kandang 20 t/ha dan 450 kg/ha. Kadar karbohidrat dan serat kasar tertinggi, dicapai pada pemberian pupuk kandang 20 t/ha dan pupuk urea 150 kg/ha. Kadar vitamin C dan produksi aloin tertinggi pada pemberian pupuk kandang 30 t/ha dan pupuk urea 150 kg/ha. Kadar aloin tertinggi, dicapai pada pemberian pupuk kandang 10 t/ha dan pupuk urea 150 kg/ha. Kadar mineral P tertinggi, bobot gel tertinggi dan bobot kulit daun diperoleh pada pemberian pupuk kandang takaran 30 t/ha. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini pemberian elisitor sukrosa dosis 4,5 % dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan produksi aloin planlet. Planlet digunakan sebagai calon bibit, selanjutnya menghasilkan tanaman kandungan nutrisi gizi, antioksidan dan hara tinggi dibutuhkan pupuk kandang takaran 20 t/ha dan urea 300 kg/ha. Untuk menghasilkan tanaman produksi aloin tinggi dibutuhkan takaran pupuk kandang 30 t/ha dan urea 450 kg/ha. Kata kunci: Aloin, Elisitasi, lidah buaya, pembenah tanah, lahan pasir

Aloe vera L. is one of the multifunction plants. Aloe plants grown in the Special Region of Yogyakarta are small insize with relatively small sized leaf, which do not greatly interest consumers. Consumers will be more interested in plant of a bigger size which have higher nutrition, antioxidant, and aloin content. Therefore this research is intened to enhance the quantity and quality of Aloe through elicitation on coastal sandy areas. The research consisted of four stage experimentation. The first experiment was improvement of the growth and aloin concentration of aloe plantlet by sucrose and yeast extract elicitor. The second experiment was the growth and aloin production of aloe seedling from plantlet of different media grown on sandy soil. The third experiment was the growth of aloe sedling and aloin production of the plantlet with the application of manure and urea. The fourth experiment was studies on the rates of manure and urea on the physico-chemical properties of sandy soil, the growth and physiological traits as well as the quality of aloes plant. The first experiment was done in a Tissue Culture Laboratory. The second experiment was conducted in the Tissue Culture Laboratory and Station of Agriculture Faculty, Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa University. The third and fourth experiment were performed in a coastal sandy soil area, at the Geospatial Laboratory, Bantul Regency. The results were obtained plantlets with a high concentration of 3 media aloin ie MS medium without elicitor, elicitor MS medium plus 4.5% sucrose and sucrose elicitor MS medium plus 4.5% yeast extract + 300 ppm. Growth and production of plantlets aloin highest in sandy soil obtained from MS medium plus 4.5% sucrose elicitor. Growth and production of seedlings on sandy soil aloin obtained from plantlets MS media supplemented elicitor 4.5%. Manure application dose of 30 t / ha and 300 kg urea / ha can improve the properties of plant physiology and growth. Ash content and high in vitamin E, obtained manure 20 t / ha and 300 kg urea / ha. Protein content and the highest vitamin A, obtained in manure 20 t / ha and 450 kg / ha. Carbohydrate and crude fiber content of the highest, achieved in manure 20 t /ha and 150 kg urea / ha. Levels of vitamin C and highest aloin production in manure of 30 t / ha and 150 kg urea / ha. Aloin highest levels, achieved in manure 10 t / ha and 150 kg urea / ha. The highest P mineral levels, the highest weight and weight gel leaves skin obtained on manure application dose of 30 t / ha. It could be concluded from the research that the addition of sucrose elicitor of 4.5% could enhance the growth and aloin production of plantlets. The plantlets that will be used as seedlings, could bringforth plants with a high content of nutrients, antioxidants and minerals if applied with manure of 20 t.ha-1 and 300 kg.ha-1 urea. The rates of 30 t.ha-1 manure and 450 kg.ha-1 urea should be applied to obtain plants with high aloin production. Key words: Aloin, Elicitation, crocodile tongue, soil amelioration, sandy area

Kata Kunci : Aloin, Elisitasi, lidah buaya, pembenah tanah, lahan pasir; Aloin, Elicitation, crocodile tongue, soil amelioration, sandy area