PRODUKSI, PENDAPATAN USAHATANI DAN PEMASARAN RUMPUT LAUT DI PROVINSI SULAWESI SELATAN

NUR ALAM KASIM, Dr. Jamhari, SP, MP.; Dr. Slamet Hartono, SU, M.Sc.; Prof. Dr. Ir. Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto, MS

2015 | Disertasi | S3 Ekonomi Pertanian

Fluktuasi produksi dan pendapatan petani rumput laut (Eucheuma. cottonii dan Gracillaria sp) dipengaruhi oleh faktor risiko yang bersumber dari iklim/cuaca, serangan hama dan penyakit, faktor input, manajemen, kondisi sosial ekonomi petani dan kinerja pemasaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menganalisis perbedaan produktivitas dan pendapatan; (2) menganalisis faktor–faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas dan pendapatan dengan mempertimbangkan risiko; (3) menganalisis perilaku petani dalam menghadapi risiko produksi; dan (4) menganalisis saluran, margin, elastisitas transmisi harga, struktur pasar dan pangsa pasar rumput laut di Sulawesi Selatan. Data yang digunakan: data primer dan sekunder. Penentuan sampel daerah secara multistage random sampling, sampel petani secara proportional random sampling, sampel pedagang secara snowball sampling dan eksportir secara sensus. Metode analisis yang digunakan: (1) pendekatan nominal; (2) regresi linier berganda model fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas, Just-Pope dan model fungsi pendapatan yang dinormalkan (4) deskriptif, margin, elastisitas transmisi harga, indeks monopoli, market share dan rantai Markov. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produktivitas dan pendapatan rumput laut E. cottonii lebih besar dibandingkan Gracillaria sp. Luas kavling, jumlah bibit dan jarak ikatan bibit menurunkan risiko produksi E. cottonii; luas kavling, jumlah bibit, jarak ikatan bibit, jumlah tenaga kerja, dan pengalaman petani meningkatkan produktivitas tetapi umur petani menurunkan produktivitas E. cottonii setelah mempertimbangkan risiko. Jumlah (bibit, pupuk urea dan pupuk phonska) menurunkan risiko produksi Gracillaria sp; jumlah (bibit dan pupuk urea) meningkatkan produktivitas tetapi luas lahan dan jumlah pupuk phonska menurunkan produktivitas Gracillaria sp setelah mempertimbangkan risiko. Harga bibit, upah tenaga kerja dan umur petani meningkatkan risiko tetapi pengalaman petani menurunkan risiko pendapatan petani E. cottonii. Luas kavling, jarak ikatan bibit, dan pengalaman petani meningkatkan pendapatan tetapi harga bibit dan upah tenaga kerja menurunkan pendapatan petani E. cottonii setelah mempertimbangkan risiko. Harga pupuk phonska meningkatkan risiko tetapi harga pupuk urea menurunkan risiko pendapatan Gracillaria sp. Harga pupuk urea meningkatkan pendapatan tetapi luas lahan, harga (bibit, pupuk phonska, pestisida), upah tenaga kerja dan umur petani menurunkan pendapatan petani Gracillaria sp setelah mempertimbangkan risiko. Perilaku petani E. cottonii berani terhadap risiko dan Gracillaria sp netral terhadap risiko. Keragaan saluran pemasaran rumput laut terdiri dari 4 (empat) saluran, margin tertinggi pada pedagang antar pulau dan terendah pada pedagang pengumpul I. Pasar tidak terintegrasi sempurna dan cenderung oligopsoni; dominasi/monopoli yang lebih besar pada pedagang antar pulau. Posisi pangsa pasar sentra produksi E. cottonii dan Gracillaria sp di Sulawesi Selatan sebagai pemimpin pasar.

Fluctuations in production and income of seaweed farming (Eucheuma cottonii and Gracillaria sp) influenced by the risks, climate/weather, pests and diseases, input factors, management, socio-economic conditions of farmers and marketing performance. This study aims to: (1) analyze the differences of productivity and income; (2) analyze the factors that affect productivity and income with considering the risks; (3) Analyze the behavior of farmer in facing the risk of production; and (4) Analyze the channel, margin, elasticity of price transmission, market structure and the market share of seaweed in South Sulawesi. Data is used: primary and secondary data. Sampling technique of location was done by using multistage cluster sampling; sample of farmers was done by proportional random sampling, samples of merchant by snowball sampling and respondent of exporters by census. Analysis method is used include: (1) nominal approach; (2) multiple linear regression with production function of Cobb-Douglas, Just-Pope and income function that are normalized models (4) descriptive, margin, elasticity of price transmission, monopoly indices, market share and Markov chain. The results of the research show that productivity and income of seaweed E. cottonii more than of Gracillaria sp. Area of lots, number of seeds and bond distance of seeds reduce the risk of production E. cottonii; area of lots, number of seeds, bond distance of seeds, number of labors, and experience of farmers increase the productivity but age of farmers reduce the productivity of E. cottonii after considering the risk. Number of (seeds, fertilizer of urea and fertilizer of phonska increase the risk of production Gracillaria sp; number of (seeds and fertilizer of urea) increase the productivity but land area and fertilizer of phonska reduce the productivity of Gracillaria sp after considering the risk. Seeds price, the wages of labor, and age of farmers increase the risk but experience of farmers reduce the risk of income E. cottonii. Area of lots, bond distance of seeds, and experience of farmers increase the income but seeds price and the wages of labor reduce the income of farmers E. cottonii after considering the risk. Fertilizer price of phonska increase the risk but fertilizer price of urea reduce the risk of income Gracillaria sp. Price of urea increase the income but land area, price of (seeds, fertilizer of phonska, pesticides), the wages of labor and age of farmers reduce the income of farmers Gracillaria sp after considering the risk. The behavior of farmers’ E. cottonii tend to take risk and the farmers’ Gracillaria sp tend to be neutral towards risk. Marketing channel of seaweed consists of four (4) channels, is the highest margin to inter-island traders and the lowest is obtained by the marketing agencies I. The market is not integrated perfectly and tend to oligopsoni; dominate/monopoly is bigger to inter-island traders. Market share position of seaweed production centers (E. cottonii and Gracillaria sp) in South Sulawesi as the market leader.

Kata Kunci : Rumput laut, risiko produksi, Just-Pope, indeks monopoli