Evaluasi program urban renewal kawasan Bandarharjo Kota Semarang

SANTOSA, Joko, Dr. Muhadjir Darwin

2002 | Tesis | Magister Administrasi Publik

Salah satu unsur kesejahteraan masyarakat adalah terpenuhinya kebutuhan akan perumahan dan permukiman yang merupakan salah satu kebutuhan pokok setiap Warga Negara Indonesia sesuai dan harkat dan martabatnya. Namun dalam kenyataannya khususnya di lingkungan perkotaan, terdapat banyak kawasan hunian yang berupa permukiman kumuh dan ilegal yang tidak sesuai dengan tata ruang yang telah direncanakan. Masalah perumahan dan permukiman tersebut juga terjadi di Kota Semarang. Salah satu kawasan perumahan dan permukiman kumuh yang sekaligus juga ilegal tersebut terletak di Kelurahan Bandarharjo Kecamatan Semarang Utara Kota Semarang. Kekumuhan kawasan Bandarharjo diperparah dengan kondisi fisik topografinya sebagai daerah genangan banjir dan Rob (air pasang). Melihat kondisi tersebut, Pemerintah Kota Semarang mengeluarkan kebijakan berupa Program Urban Renewal Kawasan Bandarharjo dengan kawasan inti seluas 53 Ha. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah Community Based Development (CBD) dengan tujuan untuk mengembangkan tiga asset fundamental masyarakat yaitu perurnahan dan permukiman, ekonomi dan sosial budaya melalui Kegiatan Tribina yaitu bina lingkungan, bina manusia dan bina usaha. Dengan pendekatan ini masyarakat akan menjadi komunitas belajar (learned community), aktif (active community) dalam menolong dirinya sendiri (helping themselves). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melaksanakan studi deskriptif mengenai seberapa jauh community based development terlaksana sehingga program urban renewal kawasan Bandarharjo Kota Semarang dapat berhasil, serta untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat bias atau penyimpangan pelaksanaannya. Penelitian dilakukan di kawasan peremajaan kota di Kelurahan Bandarharjo Kecamatan Semarang Utara Kota Semarang. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara observasi, studi dokumentasi serta wawancara mendalam, kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa CBD di Bandarharjo belum berhasil dilaksanakan secara optimal. Dengan tangga partisipasi Arnstein adalah Consultation.. Program urban renewal dengan pendekatan CBD tersebut secara fisik tel.ah ~ mengubah Kelurahan Bandarharjo yang sangat kumuh dan ilegal status lahannya menjadi kawasan perumahan dan permukiman yang layak dan manusiawi melalui perbagai kegiatan pembangunan baik Rumah Susun, maupun rehabilitasi rumah dan lingkungannya serta kegiatan pengembangan masyarakat dan ekonomi produktif. Kawasan Bandarharjo juga telah berhasil' mengatasi masalah banjir dan Rob. Dengan demikian, program yang dilaksanakan berhasil meningkatkan kondisi fisik rumah dan lingkungannya, meningkatkan kegiatan sosial ekonomi masyarakat serta meningkatkan tertib administrasi lahan. Selain membawa dampak positif, pelaksanaan program urban renewal juga membawa dampak negatif. Salah satu dampak negatif dari keberhasilan program urban renewal ini adalah seiring dengan semakin baiknya kondisi fisik lingkungan, maka semakin tinggi pula harga lahan. Keadaan ini mendorong masyarakat ash Bandarharjo memindahkan kepemilikan lahannya kepada para pendatang khususnya pada lokasi-lokasi yang strategis secara ekonomi. Mereka ini kemudian membuka kembali permukiman kumuh di atas Tanah Negara di sepanjang ruas Jalan To1 Seksi C Jatingaleh- Kaligawe. Selain itu program urban renewal belum mampu mengubah perilaku masyarakat untuk peduli pada lingkugannya. Hal ini terbukti dengan kebiasaan membuang sampah di selokan dan melakukan kegiatan MCK tidak pada tempatnya

The necessity of housing and settlement is one of the main requirements of Indonesian citizen in accordance with the pratige and human dignity. Fulfiled this necessity becomes one of the elements to achieve a well-being community. However, there many dwelling areas, particularly in urban areas, which are slums and squatter. It is not. certainly in accord with the planned lay-out. The problem of hosuing and settlement happened too in Semarang. One of the slums and squatter areas is located in Bandarharjo village, North Semarang Subdistrict, Semarang municipal. The slums of Bandarharjo region was worsened by the condition of physical topography as a flooding and tidewater areas. Realizing that condition, Semarang Government took a policy which is called Urban Renewal Program (URP) for Bandarharjo region with the core are about 53 Ha. Community Based Development (CBD) approaching was applied to develop three community fundamental assets, which are housing and settlement, economics,. and sociocultural by means of Tribina (Three Constructions) movement namely environment construction (bina lingkungan), human construction (bina manusia) and endeavour construction (bina usaha). This approaching will motivate the community to be learned community and active community in helping themselves. This research propose to do a descriptive study about how far the CBD can be done so that the URP for Bandarharjo region can be applied as well. It is also to know whether three is a refraction or a divergence on it is implementation. The research took p\ace in a renewal area namely Bandarharjo Village, North Semarang Subdistrict, Semarang Municipal. The data werw collected by doing observation, documanetation study,, and also deep interview, and than being analized qualitatively. The research outcomes showed that Sermarang Government had been done to apply the CBD in Bandarharjo but unoptimally supported by community social institutions, academic institution, private institution, and also consultants to motivate and to stimulate the community. The URP by the CBD approaching had changed the slums and squatter Bandarharjo region into a proper and also human place for housing and settlement not only by developping simple appartment houses as well as rehabilitating houses and it is evironment, but also by developping community and it is productives economics. The URP also hadd been done to overcome the problem of flooding and tidewater in Bandarharjo. As a result of this, it can be said that the URP by CBD approaching had been done to increase 'the physical condition of houses and it is enviroment as well as the socioeconomics, and also to increase the administrative order of lands. Beside giving some positive impacts, the implementation of URP gave also the negatives ones. The improvement of physical environment condition had brought about the increasing of land price. This condition had motivated the original Bandarharjo community to do transfer of title lands to new comers, particularly which are economically in stategic locations. And then, they reopened other slums and squatter areas on state land all along the section C freeway between Jatingaleh to Kaligawe. Moreover, the URP can not change yet the community behaviour to take care of the environment. It was proved by their habits to throw trash away to ditch and to do bathing, wahing and toilet activity (MCK) not in proper place.

Kata Kunci : Program Pemerintah Daerah, Perumahan, Urban Renewal