Implementasi kebijakan jaring pengaman sosial (JPS) bidang pendidikan

SUTANTO, Purwadi, Dr. Zamroni

2002 | Tesis | Magister Administrasi Publik

Kebijakan Jaring Pengaman Sosial (JPS) Bidang Pendidikan antara lain dunaksudkan untuk mengurangi angka putus sekolah dan mengatasi masalah keuangan &lam pembiayaan sekolah yang dihadapi keluarga miskin, serta membantu kapasitas sekolah dalam penyediaan dan perawatan fasilitas belajar. Kebijakan ini, sangat tepat untuk terus dilanjutkan karena sangat membantu keluarga miskin (prasejahtera) untuk tetap menyekolahkan anak-anak mereka. Penelitian implementasi kebijakan JPS Pendidikan dilaksanakan di tiga kecamatan yaitu Kecamatan Cipayung, Cakung dan Pasar Rebo. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah daftar pertanyaan (kuesioner) dan wawancara mendalam (depth interview). Responden penelitian meliputi siswa penerima beasiswa, komite sekolah, komite kecamatan, komite kabupatedkota dan petugas kantor pos bayar. Dalam implementasinya, kebijakan JPS dhadapkan pa& kelemahan desain kebijakan berupa masih sangat kuatnya budaya dan pola sentralisasi Hal ini sebetulnya tidak dapat disalahkan karena merupakan derivasi dari sistem pemerintahan dan politik &lam kerangka makro, yang pada saat kebijakan didesian masih bers&t sentrahtis. Penentuan kelompok sasaran dan pengalokasian dana beasiswa serta bantuan operasional pendidikan dengan pendekatan proyek dan target, bukan saja telah menyebabkan tidak akuratnya penentuan kelompok sasaran, tetapi juga menyebabkan biasnya implementasi kebijakan. Implementasi kebijakan JPS Bidang Pendidikan disamping sangat dipengaruhi oleh desain kebijakan itu sendiri, juga sangat dipengaruhi dan diwarnai oleh pemahaman aparat atau manusia pelaksana kebijakan Komite sekolah yang mengambil secara kolektif dana beasiswa dan memotongnya untuk berbagai kepentingan siswa yang bersangkutan, merupakan salah satu bentuk penyimpangan &lam implementasi kebijakan JPS Pendidhn Karena dilakukan oleh semua komite sekolah pada semua daerah penelitian, maka ha1 ini sangat mungkin disebabkan oleh lemahnya pemahaman komite sekolah atas isi dan petunjuk teknis JPS Bidang Pendidikan. Lemahnya daya kontrol masyarakat dalam implementasi kebijakan JPS Bidang Pendidikan, juga menyebabkan tidak terkendalinya penyimpangan implementasi kebijakan. Faktor siswa penerima beasiswa juga sangat mempengaruhi dalam implementasi kebijakan JPS Bidang Pendidikan. Pemahaman dan daya kritis siswa, khsusunya di SLTP dan SMU atas isi kebijakan tersebut, akan sangat membantu dalam implementasi kebijakan yang tidak menyimpang. Siswa, terlebih lagi yang tidak memahami isi kebijakan sudah dapat dipastikan akan menerima begitu saja apa yang diputuskan oleh pthak sekolah. Pengumuman mengenai beasiswa seharusnya bukan sekedar ditempel di papan pengumuman sekolah, tetapi juga dicantumkan pada berbagai mass media cetak, dan dapat pula diinformasikan melalui siaran radio dan TV. Hal ini sejalan dengan azas akuntabilitas dalam berpemerintahan, yang mengharuskan adanya transparansi isi kebijakan, sehingga masyarakat dapat mengontrolnya.

The national policy on Social Protection and School Development Program (SPSDP) on education' is a national policy intended primarily to minimize number of drop out students, to handle financial problem in school payment faced by poor families, and to help schools capacity in provision for and maintenance of their learning facilities. The policy need to be sustained in order to help poor families keep their children continue their schooling. The research on the implementation of the SPSDP in education was conducted in three sub-districts, namely Cipayung, Cakung and Pasar Rebo. Instruments used in this research include questioner and depth interview. Research respondents include students who received scholarship, members of school committee, members of sub-district committee, members of distridcity committee and post office personnel. In its implementation, the policy was faced by weaknesses of the policy design itself, which was very much influenced by the culture and pattern of centralizations. However, the blame can not be put on that design, considering that it was a derivative of the macro framework and political system of our government, under which the policy was designed when the system was centralistic. The use of project and target approaches in the determination of target groups and allocation of scholarship grant and school operational find causes not only inaccuracy in determining the target group, but also bias in implementing the policy it self. In addition to the influences of the policy design, the implementation of the SPSDP on education policy was also strongly influenced and shaped by level of knowledge and comprehension of officers or policy executors regarding content and the spirit of the policy. The act of the school committee by collecting scholarship fund on behalf of the students and cut a portion of it for various students needs is really one form of the deviation found in the implementation of SPSDP- Education policy. Such a deviation had been done by all school committee in the surveyed area, indicating lack of school committee comprehension regarding substance and technical guide books of SPSDPEducation. Minimum social control causes this deviation even more uncontrollable. Factors related to students who received scholarship also give strong influences on the implementation of the policy. Comprehension and critical view of those students, especially those in Junior high school (SMP) and Senior high school (SMU), regarding this policy will help this implementation works properly. Students with no comprehension regarding the policy content will certainly obey everything decided by their school, even if such a decision had deviated from the original policy objectives. An obstacle also expands to technical terms. For example, Announcement regarding the scholarship should not only be hung on school announcement-board but also be published in mass media and be informed via radio and TV programs. This is in line with accountability principles of the governance which demands transparency in policy contents, so as to induce social-wide control from society.

Kata Kunci : Kebijakan Jaring Pengaman Sosial,Pendidikan