KAJIAN SPASIAL KEBERLANJUTAN SISTEM SUBAK YANG BERLANDASKAN TRI HITA KARANA DI KABUPATEN BADUNG PROVINSI BALI
I PUTU SRIARTHA, Prof. Dr. Suratman, M.Sc.
2015 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu GeografiSistem subak yang berlandaskan Tri Hita Karana (THK) memiliki peran strategis dalam mendukung pembangunan berkelanjutan. Meningkatnya laju pembangunan ekonomi menimbulkan transformasi wilayah dan kehidupan masyarakat yang berdampak pada eksistensi subak. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kecamatan Mengwi, Kuta Utara, dan Kuta, Kabupaten Badung yang telah menjadi kawasan Metropolitan Sarbagita (Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, Tabanan). Tujuan penelitian adalah : (1) menganalisis pola spasial tingkat keberlanjutan subak ditinjau dari ketahanan THK dan faktor-faktor eksternal yang berpengaruh, (2) menganalisis proses terjadinya perubahan tingkat keberlanjutan subak, (3) menganalisis perbedaan antara karakteristik sosial ekonomi petani dengan tingkat keberlanjutan subak, dan (4) menyusun model zonasi spasial tipe keberlanjutan subak. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian pertama, maka 69 subak yang ada ditetapkan sebagai unit analisis penelitian. Data ketahanan THK dikumpulkan dari pekaseh/ketua dan pengurus subak dengan wawancara berkelompok terarah, berdasarkan kuesioner yang telah disiapkan. Data faktor-faktor eksternal dikumpulkan dari peta penggunaan lahan, Podes (Potensi Desa), dan BPS. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian kedua dan ketiga, ditetapkan tiga subak sampel yang tingkat keberlanjutannya berbeda. Data dikumpulkan dari informan kunci dan 180 petani di tiga subak sampel. Tujuan penelitian keempat dianalisis berdasarkan hasil dari tujuan penelitian pertama. Analisis data penelitian dilakukan dengan teknik deskriptif, analisis keruangan dengan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG), dan teknik statistik (regresi linear berganda, Analytical Hierarchy Process/AHP, dan Chi Square). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : (1) tingkat ketahanan THK subak yang tergolong tinggi mencapai 42,0%, tergolong sedang 40,6%, dan tergolong rendah 17,4%. Ketahanan THK menjadi sumber keberlanjutan subak. Dengan demikian, berdasarkan fakta tersebut menunjukkan bahwa keberlanjutan subak cukup mengkuatirkan. Secara spasial tingkat keberlanjutan subak membentuk pola mengelompok. Di zona dekat pusat pariwisata didominasi oleh subak berkelanjutan rendah-sedang, di zona sedang didominasi subak berkelanjutan sedang-tinggi, dan di zona jauh terkonsentrasi subak berkelanjutan tinggi. Peringkat aspek keberlanjutan subak berturut-turut dari yang tertinggi sampai terendah adalah keberlanjutan budaya, sosial, teknis, fisik alami, dan keberlanjutan ekonomi. Secara simultan kelima lima faktor eksternal, yaitu : faktor jarak subak ke pusat pariwisata, kerapatan jalan, keberadaan fasilitas sosial ekonomi, persentase keluarga nonpetani, dan kepadatan penduduk berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keberlanjutan subak (Fh= 76,026 > Ft= 2,36 ; 2,37 pada db = 63 dan taraf signifikansi 10%). Kelima faktor eksternal ini memberi kontribusi pengaruh sebesar 84,7%, sedangkan sisanya 15,3% disebabkan oleh faktor lain di luar lingkup penelitian. (2) Proses perubahan tingkat keberlanjutan subak dipicu oleh perkembangan eksternal berupa infrastruktur jalan, sedangkan pemicu internalnya adalah alih fungsi lahan sawah subak. Pihak yang berperan besar dalam proses perubahan adalah intervensi kebijakan pemerintah dan peran masyarakat bisnis dalam pembangunan. (3) Karakteristik sosial ekonomi petani, yang mencakup umur, pendidikan formal, luas penguasaan lahan sawah, status lahan garapan, dan pendapatan usahatani, menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan di masing-masing tingkat keberlanjutan subak (χ2 hitung masingmasing variabel > χ2 tabel pada db=4 dan taraf signifikansi 5%. (4) Model zonasi spasial yang dihasilkan penelitian ini adalah model zonasi spasial dominasi tipe keberlanjutan subak. Dominasi tipe subak tidak berlanjut-kurang berlanjut di zona dekat, dominasi tipe subak kurang berlanjut-berlanjut di zona sedang, dan dominasi tipe subak berlanjut di zona jauh.
Subak system, which is based on Tri Hita Karana (THK) has a strategic role in supporting sustainable development. An increase in economic development progress brings about regional and community life transformation which has an impact on subak existence. This research was conducted in Mengwi, North Kuta, and Kuta of Badung regency which have become Sarbagita Metropolitan (Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, Tabanan). This research was aimed at (1) analyzing spatial patterns of subak sustainability level viewed from THK endurance and influential external factors, (2) analyzing the process of change in subak sustainability level, (3) analyzing the difference between farmer’s social economic characteristics and subak sustainability level, and (4) designing a spatial zonation model of subak sustainability types. To achieve the first objective, 69 existing subaks were determined as units of analysis. The data on THK endurance were collected from pekasehs / subak heads and staff through group interviews based on pre-prepared questionnaires. The data on external factors were collected from land use map, Potensi Desa (village potentiality), and Biro Pusat Statistik (Central Bureau of Statistics). To achieve the second and the third objectives, three subak samples with different sustainability types were determined. The data were collected from key informants and 180 farmers in the three subak samples. The fourth objective was analyzed based on the results of the first objective. The data of the study were analyzed using descriptive technique, spatial analysis technique with Geographic Information System (GIS) and statistical techniques ( multi-linear regression, Analytical Hierarchy Process /AHP, and Chi-Square). The results showed that (1) high THK endurance constituted 42.0%, medium THK endurance 40.6%, and low THK endurance 17.4 %. THK endurance determines subak sustainability level. Based this fact indicates that subak sustainability has caused a medium degree of concern. Spatially, subak sustainability level formed cluster patterns, the zone close to a tourist center was dominated by low to medium subak sustainability levels, the medium distance zone was dominated by medium to high subak sustainability levels, and long distance zone was the place where high subak sustainability levels were concentrated. The rank of subak sustainability aspects, from the highest to the lowest were consecutively cultural sustainability , social sustainability, technical sustainability , naturally physical sustainability, and economical sustainability. Simultaneously, all of the five external factors, namely distance from subak to the tourist center, road congestion , the presence of social and economic facilities, percentage of non-farmer families, and population density, had a significant effect on subak sustainability (Fh = 76.026 > Ft= 2.36; 2.37 at df =63 and 10% level of significance). These five external factors had 84.7% contribution , while the rest (15.3%) was caused by other factors outside the scope of this research. (2) the process of change in subak sustainability level was triggered by external development in the form of road infrastructure, while the trigger in internal change was subak rice-field land function change. The stakeholders that played influential roles in the change process were the government who intervened with government policies and the business community who played an important role in development. (3) The social-economic characteristics of the farmers, that covered age, formal education, rice-field tenure area, cultivated land status, and income earned from farming, showed a significant difference in each subak sustainability level ( χ2 obs. of each variable > χ2 tab. at df = 4 and 5% level of significance). (4) the spatial zonation model resulted from the resarch is a spatial zonation model of domination of subak sustainability types. Unsustainable – less sustainable subak types domination in short distance zone, less sustainable – sustainable subak types in medium distance zone, and sustainable subak types domination in long distance zone.
Kata Kunci : pola spasial keberlanjutan subak, Tri Hita Karana (THK), pengaruh eksternal
