MODALITAS DALAM TEKS EDITORIAL BERBAHASA INDONESIA: SUATU KAJIAN PERSPEKTIF KALIMAT FUNGSIONAL MODALITAS

EMANUEL SUNARTO, DRS.,M.HUM., Prof. Dr. I Dewa Putu Wijana, SU., MA.

2015 | Disertasi | S3 Linguistik

Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi modalitas dalam teks-teks editorial berbahasa Indonesia dengan model atau teori perspektif kalimat fungsional (Firbas 1992/ 2004) yang mencakup kajian fungsi-fungsi semantik dinamis (FSD), dan, berdasarkan fungsi-fungsi dinamis itu, kajian dinamisme komunikatif (DK)-nya. Data berupa kalimat berpengungkap modalitas berasal dari 42 teks editorial berbahasa Indonesia dari 12 harian lokal dan nasional edisi Desember 2006. Penelusuran data dilakukan dengan teknik baca markah. Data dikelompokkan berdasarkan empat kategori modalitas, yaitu intensional, epistemik, deontik, dan dinamik. Data kalimat bermodalitas intensional dibedakan dalam dua subkategori, yakni keinginan/kemauan dan harapan; data kalimat bermodalitas epistemik dibedakan dalam empat subkategori, yakni kemungkinan, keteramalan, keharusan, dan kepastian; dan data kalimat bermodalitas deontik dibedakan antara subkategori izin dan perintah. Data kalimat bermodalitas dinamik ditandai dengan kemunculan pengungkap bisa, dapat, dan mampu. Dalam analisis FSD dan DK digunakan teknik belah unsur langsung (immediate segmenting technique). Kajian FSD secara umum menunjukkan bahwa pengungkap-pengungkap modalitas dalam korpus TE muncul atau dapat ditemukan dalam fungsi-fungsi dinamis Setting, Kualitas, Askripsi kualitas; Presentasi, Penyandang, Spesifikasi, dan Fenomen/Eksisten. Kajian DK, dengan berpijak pada FSD-nya, secara umum menunjukkan bahwa pengungkap-pengungkap modalitas yang muncul atau ditemukan dalam fungsi dinamis Setting dan Penyandang berdinamisme komunikatif tematis; pengungkap-pengungkap yang ditemukan dalam fungsi Kualitas berdinamisme komunikatif transisional, atau rematis, dan yang ditemukan dalam fungsi dinamis Askripsi kualitas dan Presentasi berdinamisme komunikatif transisional. Pengungkap- pengungkap yang ditemukan dalam fungsi dinamis Penyandang berupa konstruksi frasal/klausal tematis, karena strukturisasinya, menjadi tematis (subordinatif); demikian pula halnya dengan pengungkap-pengungkap yang muncul dalam fungsi dinamis Spesifikasi (lanjut) rematis dan Fenomen/Eksisten rematis berupa konstruksi frasal/klausal, karena strukturisasinya, menjadi rematis (subordinatif). Kajian modalitas dengan model perspektif kalimat fungsional dalam teks editorial berbahasa Indonesia secara umum menunjukkan bahwa pengungkap sikap atau modalitas dapat ditemukan dalam atau sebagai unsur-unsur struktur informasi berdinamisme komunikatif tematis (tematisasi), transisional (transisionalisasi), maupun rematis (rematisasi).

The research explored modality expressions in Indonesian editorials in the light of Firbas’s 1992/2004 model of functional sentence perspective, which incorporates studies of their dynamic semantic functions and, subsequently, on the basis of these functions, their communicative dynamism. The data comprised sentences bearing modality expressions collected from forty two Indonesian editorials, from twelve local-national dailies issued in December 2006. The data, the extraction of which was done by the use of readmarker technique, were classified into four categories, namely those bearing modality expressions of intentionality, epistemicity, deonticity, and dinamicity. Those bearing expressions of intentionality were subcategorized into two, namely volition/desire and hope; of epistemicity were subcategorized into four, namely of possibility, probability, necessity, and certainty; and of deonticity were subcategorized into permission and obligation/imposition. Those bearing expressions of the dinamicity were identified by the presence of bisa, dapat, and mampu, (being roughly equivalent to the English modal verbs can and be able to), The technique of analyzing their dynamic semantic functions, and their subsequent communicative dynamism, was that of immediate constituent segmenting. The findings of the analyses of dynamic semantic functions show that, as a general rule, modality expressions in the text corpora served as, or were found in the dynamic functions of Setting, Quality, and Ascription of quality; Presentation, Bearer of quality, (further) Specification and Phenomenon/Existent. Based on the identified dynamic semantic functions, the communicative dynamism of modality expressions serving as, or found in, Setting and Bearer of quality are thematic; those serving as Quality are transitional, or rhematic, and those serving as Ascription of quality and Presentation are transitional. Those found in the dynamic semantic function of Bearer of quality, by phrasal or clausal structure, are subordinatively thematized; those found in the dynamic semantic functions of (further) Specification, and Phenomenon/Existent, by the same token, are subordinatively rhematic. The findings of exploring modality expressions in Indonesian editorials in the light of Firbas’ functional sentence perspective, in a nutshell, demonstrate that modality expressions are found in, or serve as, thematic, transitional, and/or rhematic elements of information structure; in sum, they are subject to thematization, transitionalization, and/or rhematization.

Kata Kunci : modalitas, teks editorial, fungsi semantik dinamis, dinamisme komunikatif